Johnsongrass control in no-till soybeans

Several experiments were conducted in 1981 and 1982 for evaluating different methods for controlling johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers,] in no-till double cropped soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planted in wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)] stubble. The objectives of these studies were to (1) evaluate the effectiveness of several overtop grass herbicides for johnsongrass control in no-till soybeans, (2) determine the optimum time to apply sethoxydim [2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen- 1-one] overtop johnsongrass in no-till soybeans, (3) evaluate the effectiveness of different herbicide and wheat stubble management systems for johnsongrass control in soybeans, (4) evaluate the effectiveness of single as compared to sequential applications of sethoxydim for johnsongrass control in different wheat stubble man agement systems and (5) compare the efficacy of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] plus alachlor [2-chloro-2\u27,6\u27-diethyl- N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] (BroncoTM1), to a tank mixture of paraquat plus alachlor as preemergence applications for johnsongrass control in no-till soybeans planted into wheat stubble. Experiments were established either as randomized complete block designs or a randomized complete block design in a split plot arrangement with 4 to 6 replications. Parameters tested included weed control, crop injury, johnsongrass dry weight and soybean yield. All of the new overtop herbicides gave fair to excellent initial johnsongrass control; however, regrowth occurred in all treatments containing single herbicide applications. DPX Y 6202 [2-[4-[(6- chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propionic acid] and Dowco 453 [methyl 2-(4-( [3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl)oxy)phenoxy)- propanoate] gave better johnsongrass control than sethoxydim, fluazifop butyl [(±)-butyl 2-[4[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]- propanoate], CGA-82725 [2-propynyl 2-(4-([3,5-dichloro-2-pyrindinyl] oxy)phenoxy)propanoate] or HOE 33171 [ethy1-2-[4-(6-chloro-2- benzoxazolyloxy)-phenoxy]propanoate]. CGA-82725 and HOE 33171 were the weakest compounds on johnsongrass control at the rates tested. Differences in soybean yields among these herbicides were recorded, although none were found to be significantly different according to Duncan\u27s New Multiple Range Test. Sequential applications of fluazifop-butyl and sethoxydim provided excellent control of john songrass regrowth but did not consistently increase soybean yields over single applications. Fair to poor johnsongrass control was obtained with single and sequential mefluidide [N-[2,4-dimethyl-S-[[(trifluoromethyl)- sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide] treatments as well as split applications of mefluidide plus acifluorfen [5-[2-chloro-4- trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid]. Glyphosate applied with the ropewick applicator did not give acceptable control due to the amount of johnsongrass below the crop canopy at the time of application. Soybean yields from this treatment were not significantly lower than yields from the overtop herbicides. Fair to good initial johnsongrass control was obtained when sethoxydim was applied from 2 to 3 weeks after soybean planting. Severe johnsongrass regrowth occurred in these treatments; however, most optimum soybean yields were produced when sethoxydim was applied during this time. A sequential sethoxydim application resulted in excellent control of johnsongrass regrowth, but did not give higher soybean yields than single treatments applied 2 to 3 weeks after planting. No differences in johnsongrass control or soybean yields were found among 10 cm wheat stubble with paraquat, 30 cm wheat stubble with paraquat and burned wheat stubble. Thirty centimeter wheat stubble with glyphosate plus alachlor (BroncoTM) was superior to the other no-till treatments. It provided better initial johnsongrass control, lower johnsongrass dry weights and higher soybean yields. Conventionally-tilled double-cropped soybeans with trifluralin [α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine] at 1.7 kg/ha plus a layby cultivation gave greater than 80% johnsongrass control throughout the growing season, had lower johnsongrass dry weights and gave higher soybean yields than any no-till treatment. Johnsongrass control declined in all no-till treatments due to johnsongrass regrowth. Sequential sethoxydim applications gave excellent control of johnsongrass regrowth in all stubble management treatments but did not significantly increase soybean yields

Weed and brush control guide

"2/88/2M""The information in this guide is based on research conducted at the University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Stations and elsewhere. It is written for the crops, soils, and weed problems of the state of Missouri. All herbicide information conforms to federal and state regulations at the time of writing. Consult the label attached to the herbicide container for current use precautions and restrictions. Use this publication as a guide in selecting and comparing herbicides. It is not a substitute for reading the product labels before use. The University of Missouri does not warrant commercial products and regrets any errors or omissions in this guide. Cost of herbicides was not considered in making these recommendations because prices vary with location and time. Herbicides may perform better or worse than indicated in this guide due to variability in the weeds infesting the field, rainfall, soil type, temperature, and many other environmental factors. Therefore, we have made no effort to list herbicides in order of preference."--IntroductionDepartment of Agronomy ; University of Missour

Coram’s permanence improvement project: children’s social care innovation programme evaluation report 24

Research on improvements to the adoption services of 2 local authorities, including the development of a new diagnostic tool for special guardianship orders and the creation of a ‘permanence improvement’ academy. The project was intended to support children who could not safely live at home, particularly those with the most complex needs, where adoption was the long-term plan

Guidelines for producing rice using furrow irrigation (1991)

New 5/91/5M

Guidelines for producing rice using furrow irrigation (1993)

Traditional rice culture in Missouri uses flood water management. Reasons for flooding include efficient growth, rice's poor water stress tolerance and its ability to flourish in submerged soil where many competitive grasses and broadleaf weeds cannot survive. The purpose of this publication is to introduce producers to the furrow-irrigated rice system and help interested individuals decide whether that system has potential for use on their farms

Ionic Liquids to Replace Hydrazine

A method for developing safe, easy-to-handle propellants has been developed based upon ionic liquids (ILs) or their eutectic mixtures. An IL is a binary combination of a typically organic cation and anion, which generally produces an ionic salt with a melting point below 100 deg C. Many ILs have melting points near, or even below, room temperature (room temperature ionic liquids, RTILs). More importantly, a number of ILs have a positive enthalpy of formation. This means the thermal energy released during decomposition reactions makes energetic ILs ideal for use as propellants. In this specific work, to date, a baseline set of energetic ILs has been identified, synthesized, and characterized. Many of the ILs in this set have excellent performance potential in their own right. In all, ten ILs were characterized for their enthalpy of formation, density, melting point, glass transition point (if applicable), and decomposition temperature. Enthalpy of formation was measured using a microcalorimeter designed specifically to test milligram amounts of energetic materials. Of the ten ILs characterized, five offer higher Isp performance than hydrazine, ranging between 10 and 113 seconds higher than the state-of-the-art propellant. To achieve this level of performance, the energetic cations 4- amino-l,2,4-triazolium and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazolium were paired with various anions in the nitrate, dicyanamide, chloride, and 3-nitro-l,2,4-triazole families. Protonation, alkylation, and butylation synthesis routes were used for creation of the different salts