The Magnitude of Global Marine Species Diversity

Background: The question of how many marine species exist is important because it provides a metric for how much we do and do not know about life in the oceans. We have compiled the first register of the marine species of the world and used this baseline to estimate how many more species, partitioned among all major eukaryotic groups, may be discovered. Results: There are ∼226,000 eukaryotic marine species described. More species were described in the past decade (∼20,000) than in any previous one. The number of authors describing new species has been increasing at a faster rate than the number of new species described in the past six decades. We report that there are ∼170,000 synonyms, that 58,000–72,000 species are collected but not yet described, and that 482,000–741,000 more species have yet to be sampled. Molecular methods may add tens of thousands of cryptic species. Thus, there may be 0.7–1.0 million marine species. Past rates of description of new species indicate there may be 0.5 ± 0.2 million marine species. On average 37% (median 31%) of species in over 100 recent field studies around the world might be new to science. Conclusions: Currently, between one-third and two-thirds of marine species may be undescribed, and previous estimates of there being well over one million marine species appear highly unlikely. More species than ever before are being described annually by an increasing number of authors. If the current trend continues, most species will be discovered this century

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Three new species of Macrocyprina Triebel, 1960 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Macrocyprididae) from Brazilian shallow marine waters

Brandão, Simone N. (2005): Three new species of Macrocyprina Triebel, 1960 (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Macrocyprididae) from Brazilian shallow marine waters. Zoosystema 27 (2): 219-243, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.540281

Bythocypris polarsterni Brandão, 2008, sp. nov.

Bythocypris polarsterni sp. nov. (Figs. 24.N, O, R, S, V, W, 33 –35, 36.A–D) Etymology. From the RV Polarstern. Material: 4 live specimens. Holotype: 1 A F (SNB 0137), ANDEEP II, # 134 – 4 –E, ZMH K­ 41314. Paratypes: 1 (A­ 1) (SNB 0246), 2 (A­? 2) (SNB 0 383, B 0384), ANDEEP II, # 134 – 4 –S, ZMH K­ 41315. Distribution. NW Weddell Sea, Southern Ocean (Atlantic Sector), 4059.4 to 4068.7m. Measurements (Fig. 34). Holotype, LV, L 2.23mm, H 1.07mm; RV, L 2.22mm, H 1.01mm. Paratypes, LV, (A­ 1) L 1.76mm, H 0.88mm; (A­ 2) L 1.37–1.41mm, H 0.68mm. Diagnosis. Valves large; lateral outline quite rectilinear, subtrapezoidal; inequilateral, both anterior and posterior margins narrowly rounded, but anterior broader than posterior; ventral margin straight in LV and fairly straight in RV. Podomere VI of AII with 1 long articulated claw, 1 short fused (!) claw, and 1 or 2 short thin setae. Vibratory plate of MxI with 4 or 5 strahlen and 21 or 22 feathered setae. Vibratory plate of ApV with 4 strahlen plus around 8 setae. Fu with 3 small, 1 long, and 3 medium sized setae. Genital lobe sub­hemispherical with double coiled internal tube. Description. Valves large; lateral outline of both valves rectilinear, subtrapezoidal; inequilateral, both anterior and posterior margins narrowly rounded, but anterior broader than posterior; dorsal margin broadly rounded, posterodorsal and anterodorsal margins straight, but without conspicuous angles; ventral margin straight in LV and fairly straight in RV. Adductor muscle scars subdivided but bythocypridid in aspect, occupying a very small area (less than 1 / 7 of valve height). Calcified inner lamella broad. Zone of concrescence very narrow, marginal pore canals straight and short. Radial pore canals simple, with wide rim. Appendages strongly pigmented, dark brown, conspicuous even through closed valves. AI with slender thin podomeres I–II; very short podomeres IV–VII; chaetotaxy 1 (0/0), 2 (0/0), 3 (. 2 /0), 4 (. 1 /. 1), 5 (. 2 /. 2), 6 (. 3 /. 2), 7 (0/0: 3­4). Exopodite of AII with 2 long and 1 short setae; podomere VI with 1 long, articulated claw, 1 short fused (!) claw, and 1 or 2 short thin setae; chaetotaxy 1 (0/0: 2 i), 2 (. 1 /0: 1 i), 3 (0/. 2 ­3.1,1), 4 (0/. 2­3 r.1,1), 5 (. 1.2./. 1.1 c), 6 (0/0: 1 c, 1 ­2,1fc). Base of Md with 1 dorsal seta, 1 or 2 bifurcate teeth, and 3 to 4 trifurcate teeth; palp podomere III elongated; chaetotaxy 1 (0/0: 1 i), 2 (. 2 /. 1: 1 i), 3 (. 3./. 1: 2 i), 4 (. 1 /0: 2 c, 2). Vibratory plate of Mx I with 4 or 5 strahlen and around 21 feathered setae. Vibratory plate of ApV with 4 strahlen and around 10 feathered setae; chaetotaxy (.1.2.3/0), 2 (0/. 2), 3 (0/. 1), 4 (0/. 1), 5 (0/0: 1 c, 1). ApVI and ApVII with 1 tiny seta on expodite; 1 (.1.1.2/0), 2 (0/. 2), 3 (0/0), 4 (0/. 1), 5 (0/0: 1 c, 1). Fu with 3 short proximal setae, 1 long seta, and 3 medium­sized distal setae. One long seta between Fu rods. Genital lobe subhemispherical, with double coiled internal tube. FIGURE 33. Occurrence of Bythocypris polarsterni sp. nov, Bythocypris sp. aff. B. polarsterni sp. nov. and B. elongata informal species group (published information). Legend: — type locality of B. elongata Brady (1880) and Puri and Hulings (1976); — Chapman (1910); "—Le Roy (1943); — Key (1954); — Maddocks (1969); — B. polarsterni sp. nov. (herein); Π— Bythocypris sp. aff. B. polarsterni sp. nov. (herein). Remarks. Like Bythocypris malyutinae sp. nov. (see above), Bythocypris polarsterni sp. nov. present several bythocypridid characters: (1) carapace (subtriangular, thin and smooth), (2) antenna I with not very long setae; (3) genital lobe with short internal tube; (4) adductor muscle scars arranged in three anterior and one posterodorsal rows. Otherwise, the antenna II in B. polarsterni sp. nov. presents the bairdiid claw fused to podomere VI. Similarly, the female genitalia and the furcae of B. polarsterni sp. nov. are very similar to that of Zabythocypris helicina Maddocks, 1969. Otherwise, the valves of B. polarsterni sp. nov. are typical of the genus Bythocypris. Bythocypris polarsterni sp. nov. is similar to B. elongata, but the former differs in being higher in relation to length, with a more smoothly rounded dorsal margin, and straighter ventral margin, and in presenting subdivided adductor muscle scars. The lateral outline of the valves of the new species described herein differs from: (1) B. reniformis, B. affinis, B. prolata, B. praerenis sp. nov. and B. richarddinglei sp. nov in being more subtriangular; (2) B. mozambiquensis, B. promoza, B. eltanina, B. spiriscutica and B. malyutinae sp. nov. in being more elongated, and rectilinear.Published as part of Brandão, Simone N., 2008, New species of Bairdioidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean and discussions on Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880),? Bairdoppilata labiata (Müller, 1908) and Bythopussella aculeata (Müller, 1908) *, pp. 373-452 in Zootaxa 1866 on pages 421-425, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18382

Bythopussella

Bythopussella sp. aff. B. brandtae (Figs. 43, 45.D–O, 47.F, G) 1969? Anchistrocheles? sp. aff. A. aculeata, Maddocks: 113, Fig. 60m. Material. 1 A F (SNB 0295), ANDEEP I, # 129 – 2 –S, ZMH K­ 41324. Distribution. Scotia Sea, Southern Ocean (Altantic Sector), 3631 to 3637m. Measurements (Fig. 43). LV, L 1.11mm, H 0.67mm. Description. Valves large, with bairdiid outline in lateral view; entire lateral surface of valves strongly punctate, several conspicuous sensilla present. Dorsal margin of both valves tri­segmented, but LV more smoothly rounded, posterodorsal segment concave; anterodorsal segment of RV also concave; anterodorsal segment of LV slightly convex; anterior margin of both valves with 4 or 5 small spines; ventral margin of RV sinuous with conspicuous concavity in mouth region and upswung posterior; ventral margin of LV fairly straight, except posteriorly. Adductor muscle scars pattern with 3 anterior and 1 posteroventral scars. Labrum and hypostome anteroventrally prolonged. AI robust with 7 podomeres, all sutures between podomeres conspicuous or fairly conspicuous. AII elongated, especially podomeres V. Md and MxI also very elongate. AII and ApV to VII terminal claws with tiny terminal hook. AII with elongate, slender podomeres; exopodite with 1 long and 1 medium­sized setae; podomere VI with 1 long claw, and 1 medium­sized and 2 small setae, all setae articulated. Md with 3 bifurcate teeth on masticatory base, exopodite with 3 long setae. Vibratory plate of MxI with 7 strahlen and more than 20 feathered setae; palp with 2 dorsal, 1 ventral, and 3 or 4 distal, medium­sized setae. ApV robust, vibratory plate with 5 strahlen and around 8 feathered setae. Podomere V of ApV to VII with 2 distal setae on podomere II; 1 long terminal claw, and 1 vestigial seta on podomere V. Exopodite of ApVI and VII without setae. Fu with 1 large and 1 medium­sized claw, and 2 medium­sized setae; 1 short seta between both Fu rods. Remarks. No genital lobe was present in the single female of Bythopussella sp. aff. B. brandtae studied herein. The presence of 5 strahlen on the vibratory plate is not typical of this genus (usually there are 4). Bythopussella sp. aff. B. brandtae differs from Bythopussella brandtae because the former species presents: (1) one long spine (broken during dissection) on the anterior of LV; (2) longer spine on the posterior margin of LV; (3) greater length in relation to height of carapace; (4) more conspicuous ornamentation, which is present on the entire lateral surface of valves; (5) exopodite of antenna II with 1 long and 1 medium­sized setae (instead of 1 long and 1 short setae); (6) vibratory plate of ApV with 5 strahlen (instead of 4). Bythopussella sp. aff. B. brandtae similar to Anchistrocheles? sp. aff. A. aculeata illustrated by Maddocks (1969: 113, Fig. 60m) from the continental slope off Peru.Published as part of Brandão, Simone N., 2008, New species of Bairdioidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean and discussions on Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880),? Bairdoppilata labiata (Müller, 1908) and Bythopussella aculeata (Müller, 1908) *, pp. 373-452 in Zootaxa 1866 on page 442, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18382

Bairdiocopina

Suborder Bairdiocopina Gruendel, 1967 Superfamily Bairdioidea Sars, 1888 Remarks. As previously stated by Hartmann (1974: 253 – 4), the genera and families of Bairdioidea need new diagnoses. Several previously described taxa present a number of characters which are diagnostic for different bairdioid genera and even families. One good example is the genus Bythopussella Warne, 1990, which was described (Warne 1990: 114) in order to accommodate species with robust, bairdiid carapaces but anchistrocheline (bythocypridid) soft parts. In the present study, most of the species studied did not fit completely into any described genus; conversely, single species presented characters typical from more than one genus simultaneously, and sometimes also diagnostic of both families of Bairdioidea. For example, the species ? Bairdoppilata labiata presents the enlarged anterior claw on the podomere II of antenna II (typical of the genus Bairdoppilata), but lack the bairdoppilatan hinge denticulation. Additionally, Bythocypris malyutinae sp. nov. and Bythocypris polarsterni sp. nov. present bythocypridid and bairdiid characters (see both remarks on the systematic part of each species). Moreover, the female genitalia and the furca of B. polarsterni sp. nov. are very similar to that of Zabythocypris helicina Maddocks, 1969. Otherwise, both valves of B. polarsterni sp. nov. present subequal right and left valves (typical of Bythocypris), while the genus Zabythocypris is diagnosed by a left valve very much higher than the right valve. Finally, Bythocypris weddellensis sp. nov., as well, resemble the genus Anchistrocheles in the valve morphology, but the soft parts are typical of the genus Bythocypris. Since a taxonomic revision of the genera and families of Bairdioidea is beyond the scope of the present publication, each species described herein is assigned to the genus whose diagnosis best fits to the species morphology.Published as part of Brandão, Simone N., 2008, New species of Bairdioidea (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean and discussions on Bairdoppilata simplex (Brady, 1880),? Bairdoppilata labiata (Müller, 1908) and Bythopussella aculeata (Müller, 1908) *, pp. 373-452 in Zootaxa 1866 on pages 378-379, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18382

Macropyxis Maddocks 1990

GENUS MACROPYXIS MADDOCKS, 1990 (FIGS 14–29) Type species (original binomen): Macrocypris sapeloensis Darby, 1965 (original designation). Additional species (listed by original binomen): Macropyxis adrecta Maddocks, 1990; Macrocypris adriatica Breman, 1975; Macropyxis adunca Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis amanda Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis amoena Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis andreseni Jellinek & Swanson, 2003; Macropyxis antonbruunae Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis arta Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis audens Maddocks, 1990; Macrocypris bathyalensis Hulings, 1967; Macropyxis eltaninae Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis improcera Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis kaesleri Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis kalbi Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis kornickeri Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis labutisi Maddocks, 1990; Macrocypris longanavan den Bold, 1960; Macrocypris rhodanavan den Bold, 1960; Macrocypris similis Brady, 1880; Macropyxis simulans Maddocks, 1990; Macropyxis sonneae Jellinek & Swanson, 2003; Macropyxis steinecki Maddocks, 1990; Macrocypris tenuicauda Brady, 1880; Macropyxis thiedei Jellinek & Swanson, 2003.Published as part of Brandão, Simone N., 2010, Macrocyprididae (Ostracoda) from the Southern Ocean: taxonomic revision, macroecological patterns, and biogeographical implications, pp. 567-672 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 (3) on page 595, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00624.x, http://zenodo.org/record/489007