Iron Emission Lines from Extended X-ray Jets in SS 433: Reheating of Atomic Nuclei

Powerful relativistic jets are among the most ubiquitous and energetic observational consequences of accretion around supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei and neutron stars and stellar-mass black holes in x-ray binary (XRB) systems. But despite more than three decades of study, the structure and composition of these jets remain unknown. Here we present spatially resolved x-ray spectroscopy of arc second-scale x-ray jets from the XRB SS 433 analized with the Chandra advanced charge-coupled device imaging spectrometer. These observations reveal evidence for a hot continuum and Doppler-shifted iron emission lines from spatially resolved regions. Apparently, in situ reheating of the baryonic component of the jets takes place in a flow that moves with relativistic bulk velocity even more than 100 days after launch from the binary core

The rise and fall of the compact jet in GRO J1655-40

In this work, we present some preliminary results on a multi-wavelength (radio/infrared/optical/X-ray) study of GRO J1655-40 during its 2005 outburst. We focus on the broadband spectral energy distribution during the different stages of the outburst. In particular, using this unprecedented coverage, and especially thanks to the new constraints given in the mid-IR by Spitzer, we can test the physical self-consistent disk-jet model during the hard state, where the source shows radio emission from a compact jet. The hard state broadband spectra of the observations during the decay of the outburst, are fairly well fit using the jet model with parameters overall similar to those found for Cyg X-1 and GX 339-4 in a previous work. However, we find that, compared to the other two BHs, GRO J1655-40 has a much higher jet power (at least a factor of 3), and that, most notably, the model seems to underestimate the radio emissio

Thermal Energy Losses During Night, Warm-up and Full-Operation Periods of a CSP Solar Field Using Thermal Oil☆

Abstract In Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems, solar radiation allows to keep the Heat Transfer Fluid (HTF) at the design temperature (250-400 °C using thermal oil) during daylight. During night, the thermal losses of the receiver tubes lead to a fast reduction of this temperature. The very first hours of daily solar irradiance are used to warm-up the Solar Field to the nominal temperature. This work focuses on a detailed analysis of the thermal losses of a 8,400 m 2 Solar Field based on Linear Fresnel Collectors (LFC) using thermal oil as Heat Transfer Fluid. The proposed simulation model evaluates the performance of the Solar Field as a function of solar radiation, solar position, ambient temperature and wind speed for given values of the main geometrical and technical characteristics of the SF components (insulated piping and solar receivers), as well as for assigned thermodynamic properties of the Heat Transfer Fluid. The time-step considered (1 second) and the dense spatial discretization chosen allow the energy-balance-equation-based model to be suited to simulate night, warm-up and full-operation phases

Galactic black holes in the hard state, a multiwavelength view of accretion and ejection

The canonical hard state is associated with emission from all three fundamental accretion components: the accretion disk, the hot accretion disk corona and the jet. On top of these, the hard state also hosts very rich temporal variability properties (low frequency QPOs in the PDS, time lags, long time scale evolution). Our group has been working on the major questions of the hard state both observationally (with multi-wavelength campaigns using RXTE, SWIFT, SUZAKU, SPITZER, VLA, ATCA, SMARTS) and theoretically (through jet models that can fit entire SEDs). Through spectral and temporal analysis we seek to determine the geometry of accretion components, and relate the geometry to the formation and emission from a jet. In this presentation I will review the recent contributions of our group to the field, including the SWIFT results on the disk geometry at low accretion rates, the jet model fits to the hard state SEDs (including SPITZER data) of GRO J 1655-40, and the final results on the evolution of spectral (including X-ray, radio and infrared) and temporal properties of selected black holes in the hard states. I will also talk about impact of ASTROSAT to the science objectives of our group

Thermo-fluid Dynamic Analysis of a CSP Solar Field Line During Transient Operation

Abstract Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) technology allows to produce high temperature thermal energy from solar radiation. The thermal energy can be converted into electricity or it can be directly used for industrial processes. Most of the available simulation models of CSP plants evaluate the behavior of the solar field in stationary conditions, neglecting transient thermo-fluid-dynamic effects. Nevertheless, the study of the dynamic behavior of the solar field is a very challenging and interesting task and allows obtaining useful information for the design and the effective management strategies of CSP plants. This paper presents a thermo-fluid-dynamic analysis of asolar field line of the CSP plant currently under construction in Ottana, Sardinia (Italy), which uses thermal oil as heat transfer fluid. Dynamics of the system due to solar irradiance variations have been evaluated by using an axisymmetric unsteady 2D numerical model developed in Comsol® to evaluate the oil temperature distribution along the receiver tube for different operating conditions. The results have been compared with those obtained with a simpler, non-stationary one-dimensional model, developed in Matlab® environment. The comparative analysis show very similar results for the two models and demonstrate that the dynamic effects on the temperature distribution along the solar field line are not negligible

Evidence of a decrease of kHz quasi-periodic oscillation peak separation towards low frequencies in 4U 1728-34 (GX 354-0)

We have produced the colour-colour diagram of all the observations of 4U 1728-34 available in the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer public archive (from 1996 to 2002) and found observations filling in a previously reported `gap' between the island and the banana X-ray states. We have made timing analysis of these gap observations and found, in one observation, two simultaneous kHz quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs). The timing parameters of these kHz QPOs fit in the overall trend of the source. The `lower' kHz QPO has a centroid frequency of ~308 Hz. This is the lowest `lower' kHz QPO frequency ever observed in 4U 1728-34. The peak frequency separation between the `upper' and the `lower' kHz QPO is Δν= 274 +/- 11 Hz, significantly smaller than the constant value of Δν~ 350 Hz found when the `lower' kHz QPO frequency is between ~500 and 800 Hz. This is the first indication in this source for a significant decrease of kHz QPO peak separation towards low frequencies. We compare the result briefly to theoretical models for kHz QPO production

A delayed transition to the hard state for 4U 1630-47 at the end of its 2010 outburst

Here we report on Swift and Suzaku observations near the end of an outburst from the black hole transient 4U 1630-47 and Chandra observations when the source was in quiescence. 4U 1630-47 made a transition from a soft state to the hard state ~50 days after the main outburst ended. During this unusual delay, the flux continued to drop, and one Swift measurement found the source with a soft spectrum at a 2-10 keV luminosity of L = 1.07 × 1035 erg s-1 for an estimated distance of 10 kpc. While such transients usually make a transition to the hard state at L/L Edd = 0.3%-3%, where L Edd is the Eddington luminosity, the 4U 1630-47 spectrum remained soft at L/L Edd = 0.008 M_{10}^{-1}% (as measured in the 2-10 keV band), where M 10 is the mass of the black hole in units of 10 M ⊙. An estimate of the luminosity in the broader 0.5-200 keV bandpass gives L/L Edd = 0.03 M_{10}^{-1}%, which is still an order of magnitude lower than typical. We also measured an exponential decay of the X-ray flux in the hard state with an e-folding time of 3.39 ± 0.06 days, which is much less than previous measurements of 12-15 days during decays by 4U 1630-47 in the soft state. With the ~100 ks Suzaku observation, we do not see evidence for a reflection component, and the 90% confidence limits on the equivalent width of a narrow iron Kα emission line are <40 eV for a narrow line and <100 eV for a line of any width, which is consistent with a change of geometry (either a truncated accretion disk or a change in the location of the hard X-ray source) in the hard state. Finally, we report a 0.5-8 keV luminosity upper limit of <2 × 1032 erg s-1 in quiescence, which is the lowest value measured for 4U 1630-47 to date

3D RMHD simulations of jet-wind interactions in high-mass X-ray binaries

Context. Relativistic jets are ubiquitous in the Universe. In microquasars, especially in high-mass X-ray binaries, the interaction of jets with the strong winds driven by the massive and hot companion star in the vicinity of the compact object is fundamental for understanding the jet dynamics, nonthermal emission, and long-term stability. However, the role of the jet magnetic field in this process is unclear. In particular, it is still debated whether the magnetic field favors jet collimation or triggers more instabilities that can jeopardize the jet evolution outside the binary. Aims. We study the dynamical role of weak and moderate to strong toroidal magnetic fields during the first several hundred seconds of jet propagation through the stellar wind, focusing on the magnetized flow dynamics and the mechanisms of energy conversion. Methods. We developed the code Lóstrego v1.0, a new 3D relativistic magnetohydrodynamics code to simulate astrophysical plasmas in Cartesian coordinates. Using this tool, we performed the first 3D relativistic magnetohydrodynamics numerical simulations of relativistic magnetized jets propagating through the clumpy stellar wind in a high-mass X-ray binary. To highlight the effect of the magnetic field in the jet dynamics, we compared the results of our analysis with those of previous hydrodynamical simulations. Results. The overall morphology and dynamics of weakly magnetized jet models is similar to previous hydrodynamical simulations, where the jet head generates a strong shock in the ambient medium and the initial overpressure with respect to the stellar wind drives one or more recollimation shocks. On the timescales of our simulations (i.e., t < 200 s), these jets are ballistic and seem to be more stable against internal instabilities than jets with the same power in the absence of fields. However, moderate to strong toroidal magnetic fields favor the development of current-driven instabilities and the disruption of the jet within the binary. A detailed analysis of the energy distribution in the relativistic outflow and the ambient medium reveals that magnetic and internal energies can both contribute to the effective acceleration of the jet. Moreover, we verified that the jet feedback into the ambient medium is highly dependent on the jet energy distribution at injection, where hotter, more diluted and/or more magnetized jets are more efficient. This was anticipated by feedback studies in the case of jets in active galaxies

Disc-jet coupling in an atoll-type neutron star X-ray binary: 4U 1728-34 (GX 354-0)

We have analysed 12 simultaneous radio (VLA) and X-ray (RXTE) observations of the atoll-type X-ray binary 4U 1728-34, performed in two blocks in 2000 and 2001. We have found that the strongest and most variable emission seems to be associated with repeated transitions between hard (island) and softer (lower banana) X-ray states, while weaker, persistent radio emission is observed when the source is steadily in the hard X-ray state. There is a significant positive ranking correlation between the radio flux density at 8.46 GHz and the 2-10 keV X-ray flux. Moreover, significant positive ranking correlations between radio flux density and X-ray timing features (i.e. break and low-frequency Lorentzian frequencies) have been found. These correlations represent the first evidence for a coupling between disc and jet in an atoll-type X-ray binary. Furthermore, drawing an analogy between the hard (island) state and the low/hard state of black hole binaries, we confirm previous findings that accreting neutron stars are a factor of ~30 less `radio loud' than black holes.Comment: accepted for publication in MNRAS Letter

Radio detections of the neutron star X-ray binaries 4U 1820 - 30 and Ser X-1 in soft X-ray states

We present the analysis of simultaneous X-ray (RXTE) and radio (VLA) observations of two atoll-type neutron star X-ray binaries: 4U 1820 - 30 and Ser X-1. Both sources were steadily in the soft (`banana') X-ray state during the observations. We have detected the radio counterpart of 4U 1820 - 30 at 4.86 and 8.46 GHz at a flux density of ~0.1 mJy. This radio source is positionally coincident with the radio pulsar PSR 1820 - 30A. However, the radio emission of the pulsar falls rapidly with frequency (~ν-3), and we argue that the radio emission of the X-ray binary is dominant above ~2 GHz. Supporting this interpretation, comparison with previous observations reveals variability at the higher radio frequencies that is likely to be due to the X-ray binary. We have detected for the first time the radio counterpart of Ser X-1 at 8.46 GHz, also at a flux density of ~0.1 mJy. The position of the radio counterpart has allowed us to identify its optical counterpart unambiguously. We briefly discuss similarities and differences between the disc-jet coupling in neutron star and black hole X-ray binaries. In particular, we draw attention to the fact that, contrary to other states, neutron star X-ray binaries seem to be more radio-loud than persistent black hole candidates when the emission is `quenched' in the soft state