6 research outputs found

    A geographical population analysis of dental trauma in school-children aged 12 and 15 in the city of Curitiba-Brazil

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The study presents a geographical analysis of dental trauma in a population of 12 and 15 year-old school-children, in the city of Curitiba, Brazil (n = 1581), using a database obtained in the period 2005-2006. The main focus is to analyze dental trauma using a geographic information system as a tool for integrating social, environmental and epidemiological data.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Geostatistical analysis of the database and thematic maps were generated showing the distribution of dental trauma cases according to Curitiba's Health Districts and other variables of interest. Dental trauma spatial variation was assessed using a generalized additive model in order to identify and control the individual risk-factors and thus determine whether spatial variation is constant or not throughout the Health Districts and the place of residence of individuals. In addition, an analysis was made of the coverage of dental trauma cases taking the spatial distribution of Curitiba's primary healthcare centres.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The overall prevalence of dental trauma was 37.1%, with 53.1% in males and 46.7% in females. The spatial analysis confirms the hypothesis that there is significant variation in the occurrence of dental trauma, considering the place of residence in the population studied (Monte Carlo test, p = 0,006). Furthermore, 28.7% of cases had no coverage by the primary healthcare centres.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The effect of the place of residence was highly significant in relation to the response variable. The delimitation of areas, as a basis for case density, enables the qualification of geographical territories where actions can be planned based on priority criteria. Promotion, control and rehabilitation actions, applied in regions of higher prevalence of dental trauma, can be more effective and efficient, thus providing healthcare refinement.</p

    A spatial approach for the epidemiology of antibiotic use and resistance in community-based studies: the emergence of urban clusters of Escherichia coli quinolone resistance in Sao Paulo, Brasil

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    Copyright © Kiffer et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2011 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Background Population antimicrobial use may influence resistance emergence. Resistance is an ecological phenomenon due to potential transmissibility. We investigated spatial and temporal patterns of ciprofloxacin (CIP) population consumption related to E. coli resistance emergence and dissemination in a major Brazilian city. A total of 4,372 urinary tract infection E. coli cases, with 723 CIP resistant, were identified in 2002 from two outpatient centres. Cases were address geocoded in a digital map. Raw CIP consumption data was transformed into usage density in DDDs by CIP selling points influence zones determination. A stochastic model coupled with a Geographical Information System was applied for relating resistance and usage density and for detecting city areas of high/low resistance risk. Results E. coli CIP resistant cluster emergence was detected and significantly related to usage density at a level of 5 to 9 CIP DDDs. There were clustered hot-spots and a significant global spatial variation in the residual resistance risk after allowing for usage density. Conclusions There were clustered hot-spots and a significant global spatial variation in the residual resistance risk after allowing for usage density. The usage density of 5-9 CIP DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants within the same influence zone was the resistance triggering level. This level led to E. coli resistance clustering, proving that individual resistance emergence and dissemination was affected by antimicrobial population consumption

    Distribuição espacial do risco: modelagem da mortalidade infantil em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil Spatial risk distribution: modeling infant mortality in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

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    Estimação e mapeamento de perfis de risco são interesses da Epidemiologia. Neste trabalho, é analisada a distribuição espacial de casos de mortalidade infantil, comparados a controles de nascidos vivos amostrados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A modelagem adotada neste trabalho baseia-se em um processo pontual espacial, na qual se define uma medida de risco que varia continuamente sobre a região de estudo e estimada por meio de métodos de modelos aditivos generalizados. Essa abordagem possui a vantagem de permitir a incorporação, no modelo, de efeitos de determinantes individuais e ecológicos de risco sob forma simples e de fácil interpretação. Também permite a construção de contornos de tolerância que auxiliam na identificação de áreas de alto/baixo risco e de um teste global da hipótese nula de risco constante relativa à região. A aplicação do método aos dados de mortalidade infantil mostrou variação espacial no risco altamente significativa para mortalidade neonatal e não significativa para mortalidade pós-neonatal.<br>Estimation and mapping of risk profiles are the main concerns of epidemiology. This paper analyzes spatial distribution of infant mortality cases as compared to live-born controls from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. The modeling framework adopted in this research work is a spatial point process. Under this structure, a risk measure which continuously varies over the study region is defined and estimated using generalized additive model methods. This approach has the advantage of allowing for risk factors that are simple and easy to interpret. The procedure also allows the construction of tolerance contours which help identify areas of significantly high/low risk and an overall test for the null hypothesis of constant risk over the region. Application of this method to infant mortality data showed a highly significant spatial variation in risk for neonatal mortality data and non-significant results for post-neonatal mortality data

    Distribuição espacial do risco: modelagem da mortalidade infantil em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

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    Estimação e mapeamento de perfis de risco são interesses da Epidemiologia. Neste trabalho, é analisada a distribuição espacial de casos de mortalidade infantil, comparados a controles de nascidos vivos amostrados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos da cidade de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A modelagem adotada neste trabalho baseia-se em um processo pontual espacial, na qual se define uma medida de risco que varia continuamente sobre a região de estudo e estimada por meio de métodos de modelos aditivos generalizados. Essa abordagem possui a vantagem de permitir a incorporação, no modelo, de efeitos de determinantes individuais e ecológicos de risco sob forma simples e de fácil interpretação. Também permite a construção de contornos de tolerância que auxiliam na identificação de áreas de alto/baixo risco e de um teste global da hipótese nula de risco constante relativa à região. A aplicação do método aos dados de mortalidade infantil mostrou variação espacial no risco altamente significativa para mortalidade neonatal e não significativa para mortalidade pós-neonatal

    Análise espacial do risco de leptospirose canina na Vila Pantanal, Curitiba, Paraná

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    A leptospirose é uma grave zoonose associada às áreas de baixa renda dos centros urbanos. Embora roedores urbanos sejam considerados como principal reservatório para a leptospirose, o cão também pode desenvolver a doença e se tornar carreador assintomático. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi utilizar a metodologia estatística baseada na teoria de processos pontuais espaciais, buscando identificar a forma como se distribuem os cães sororreagentes para a leptospirose e seus determinantes de risco em uma vila na cidade de Curitiba. A análise do modelo possibilitou identificar as regiões de sobre-risco, onde o risco de soropositividade canina à leptospirose é significativamente maior. A relação significativa do efeito espacial no desenvolvimento da doença, além das variáveis estudadas, revela que não apenas um, mas a ação conjunta dos fatores relacionados ao animal, ao proprietário e ao ambiente influencia o risco maior da doença nos locais de maior efeito espacial. O resultado da análise indica claramente os territórios em maior risco na região da Vila Pantanal, possibilitando o planejamento de ações mais específicas e dirigidas a essas áreas em um contexto de vigilância da saúde.Leptospirosis is a serious zoonotic disease associated to low income areas of urban settings. Although rodents are considered the main reservoir for urban leptospirosis, dogs may also develop the disease and become asymptomatic carriers. The objective of this study was to apply a statistical method based on the spatial point processes theory for canine leptospirosis to identify how seroreagents dogs are spatially distributed and their risk determinants in a village of Curitiba city. The model analysis allowed the identification of over-risk regions, where seropositivity risk for canine leptospirosis was significantly higher, revealing that not just one, but the combination of animal, owner and environment factors influenced the disease risk within areas with greater spatial effect. Analysis of results clearly identified the highest risk areas in the Pantanal Village, allowing the establishment of more specific preventive actions and focused on risk areas as priority for public health surveillance
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