Conductivity and Dissociation in Metallic Hydrogen: Implications for Planetary Interiors

Liquid metallic hydrogen (LMH) was recently produced under static compression and high temperatures in bench-top experiments. Here, we report a study of the optical reflectance of LMH in the pressure region of 1.4-1.7 Mbar and use the Drude free-electron model to determine its optical conductivity. We find static electrical conductivity of metallic hydrogen to be 11,000-15,000 S/cm. A substantial dissociation fraction is required to best fit the energy dependence of the observed reflectance. LMH at our experimental conditions is largely atomic and degenerate, not primarily molecular. We determine a plasma frequency and the optical conductivity. Properties are used to analyze planetary structure of hydrogen rich planets such as Jupiter

Finite element simulation of the liquid-liquid transition to metallic hydrogen

Hydrogen at high temperature and pressure undergoes a phase transition from a liquid molecular phase to a conductive atomic state, or liquid metallic hydrogen, sometimes referred to as the plasma phase transition (PPT). The PPT phase line was observed in a recent experiment studying laser-pulse heated hydrogen in a diamond anvil cell in the pressure range $\sim 100 - 170 \text{GPa}$ for temperatures up to $\sim 2000 \text{K}$. The experimental signatures of the transition are (i) a negative pressure-temperature slope, (ii) a plateau in the heating curve, assumed to be related to the latent heat of transformation, and (iii) an abrupt increase in the reflectance of the sample. We present a finite element simulation that accurately takes into account the position and time dependence of the heat deposited by the laser pulse. We calculate the heating curves and the sample reflectance and transmittance. This simulation confirms that the observed plateaus are related to the phase transition, however we find that large values of latent heat are needed and may indicate that dynamics at the transition are more complex than considered in current models. Finally, experiments are proposed that can distinguish between a change in optical properties due to a transition to a metallic state or due to closure of the bandgap in molecular hydrogen.Comment: 23 pages, 4 figure

Peer coaching in early childhood

Researchers have reached a consensus that early childhood educators should have sufficient knowledge and skills in child development and early childhood education issues. This is because the quality and success of programs designed for early childhood education lie in the qualifications of the teacher in charge of such programs. These requirements are especially true for vulnerable and disadvantaged children. Therefore, it is incumbent upon the early childhood educators to provide the children and their families with rich and meaningful educational experiences because they are often held accountable for the outcome of the children. This literature review demonstrates that one way in which early childhood educators can achieve this is through peer coaching. Peer coaching provides early childhood educators with excellent opportunities for experimentation, exchange of professional ideas, shared problem-solving, observation, and reflection. Although research has neglected peer coaching in early childhood, the small number of available studies demonstrated that peer coaching can effectively enhance professional growth for teachers in early child education. This observation is strengthened when the studies investigating the effect of peer coaching in K-12 are considered. Studies have adopted both qualitative and quantitative designs in their approaches. The samples have often involved student teachers on practicum, practicing teachers in early childhood education, as well as K-12 teachers, and some have used early childhood experts as coaches. Instruments that have been used for data collection have been reliable, as demonstrated by their measure of internal consistency. Findings from these studies call for changes in the way practicum is approached, and also in the way professional development for teachers in early childhood should be done. Further, the studies strongly reject the use of evaluation or judgment in peer coaching because this compromises collaboration, which is at the heart of peer coaching. Future research should specifically focus on the effect of peer coaching on the achievement of the child in early childhood education

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN STATUS GIZI BURUK PADA BALITA DI KOTA SEMARANG TAHUN 2017 (STUDI DI RUMAH GIZI BANYUMANIK KOTA SEMARANG)

Gizi buruk adalah kondisi dimana kekurangan zat gizi yang dilihat berdasarkan status gizi yang berada di bawah standar rata-rata yang ditentukan berdasarkan indikator antropometri berat badan menurut tinggi badan (BB/TB) dengan z-skor <-3 SD dan ada atau tidaknya edema.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah Mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan status gizi buruk pada balita di Rumah Gizi Kota Semarang. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu penelitian analitik kuantitatif dengan metode cross sectional. Populasidalampenelitianiniadalah seluruhibu dan balita gizi buruk yang menjalani pemulihan di Rumah Gizi dengan teknik sampling menggunakan teknik sampling total yaitu 20 balita. Dilakukan pengukuran antropometri untuk menghitung z-skor, pengisian kuesioner, food recall dan formulir pengeluaran pangan dan non pangan keluarga. Setelah dilakukan penelitian diketahui bahwa balita yang menderita gizi buruk berdasarkan indikator BB/TB yaitu sebanyak 11 orang (55%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berhubungan dengan status gizi buruk balita yaitu variabel tingkat konsumsi energi (p=0,002), tingkat konsumsi protein (p=0,04), dan penyakit infeksi (p=0,000). Sedangkan variabel yang berhubungan dengan tingkat konsumsi energi dan protein yaitu variabel pengetahuan gizi Ibu dan variabel status ekonomi keluarga (p=0,001) Kata Kunci: gizi buruk, balita, kecukupan gizi, status ekonom

Can Representativeness Decrease Youth Violence in Juvenile Detention Facilities?

Using the theory on Representative Bureaucracy, this study considers the minority representative role, which suggests that administrators who are minorities are more inclined to represent minority interests. This study examined whether officers perceive themselves as advocates based on shared demographics and whether they develop attitudes toward reducing youth violence. Considerably more researchers conduct studies in adult prisons than juvenile correctional facilities, which focus on rehabilitation for youth. Therefore, this study further examines youth correctional staff attitudes toward inmates. The way correctional officers\u27 treat minors may impact the amount of violence in juvenile detention facilities. The purposes of the study are to determine whether bureaucratic representation can have an impact on preventing violence, and to understand what factors lead officers in perceiving they have different roles. The two types of bureaucratic representation are passive and active. Passive representation, such as race, ethnicity, and gender, may shape role perceptions because attitudes are constructed by demographic characteristics. Active representation consists of decision-making behavior reflected in measurable policy outputs that are responsive to minority interests. This dissertation seeks to determine whether minority officers perceive themselves in passive or active terms, and how that representation relates to their particular strategies for dealing with youth violence. To determine how officers perceive themselves, this study incorporated mixed methods of both qualitative and quantitative research to examine how officers implement decisions in their positions. This study uses survey research from the Performance Based Standards from the U.S. Department of Justice and interviews with individuals who worked with inmates in California juvenile detention facilities to determine the relationship between minority officers and attitudes toward youth violence. Regression models, including year, were conducted for each hypothesis as a predictor in the model. Multiple regression analysis was used to demonstrate the relationship between independent variables and a single dependent variable. The data have information on facilities as well as staff and inmates within those facilities. Due to the nested nature of the data, multilevel regression models were also conducted when examining outcomes measured at the staff and inmate level

Vers une approche intégrée et transversale de l’égalité dans le syndicalisme? L’exemple de six pays européens

L’objet de l’article est de proposer quelques résultats des travaux menés dans un programme de recherche européen sur l’application du concept de l’intégration des considérations liées aux sexospécificités (gender mainstreaming), c’est-à-dire l’approche intégrée, transversale et permanente de l’égalité au champ syndical. Il s’agit également d’élaborer une approche comparative entre des pays européens rarement réunis de cette façon, soit : l’Autriche, la Belgique, le Danemark, la France, l’Italie et les Pays-Bas. L’objectif est de présenter et de proposer des outils favorables à une double approche : à l’interne, en favorisant la place des femmes dans tous les lieux décisionnels et en révisant le mode de fonctionnement syndical encore « androcentré » ; à l’externe, en élaborant des actions et négociations favorables à l’égalité au travail et hors travail.This article provides some of the results of a European research programme on the implementation of the concept of gender mainstreaming in trade unions. It also involved developing a comparative approach of European countries, which are rarely brought together in this way, namely, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Italy and the Netherlands. The aim is to present and propose tools, which promote a twofold approach: internally, by promoting the place of women in all decision-making places and by revising the way in which trade unions function, which is still « andro-centred » and, externally, by developing actions and bargaining, which promote equality both at work and in life generally

Characterization of Neutral Sphingomyelinase Isoforms in Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria

Skeletal muscle is composed of fiber types that differ in mitochondrial content, antioxidant capacity, and susceptibility to apoptosis. Ceramides have been linked to apoptosis by increasing mitochondrial permeability, a common hallmark of apoptotic signalling. The enzyme neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) generates ceramides by hydrolysing sphingomyelin. Despite the role of ceramides in mediating apoptosis, there is a gap in the literature regarding nSMase in skeletal muscle mitochondria. This study aimed to characterize activity and content of nSMase isoforms in isolated subsarcolemmal (SS) mitochondria from soleus, diaphragm, plantaris, and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Total nSMase activity did not differ between isolated SS mitochondria. nSMase2 content was higher in SS mitochondria from EDL compared to soleus or diaphragm, and positively correlated to total nSMase activity in soleus. nSMase3 was undetectable in all samples, suggesting it is not associated with SS mitochondria, and likely does not contribute to total nSMase activity in SS mitochondria