Impacto de intervenções no uso de preservativos em portadores do HIV

Pretendeu-se identificar intervenções educativas dirigidas a indivíduos HIV positivos, com desfecho uso de preservativos masculinos. Trata-se de revisão sistemática, onde foram pesquisadas bases de dados (Lilacs/Bireme, Medline, Popline) e sites (CDC e UNAIDS), sem limite de tempo. Os unitermos utilizados foram: women; men; interventions; HIV; Aids; HIV positive; risk behaviors; sexual risk behaviors; intervention studies. Foram incluídos 14 estudos, oito deles com efeito positivo. As limitações mais freqüentes foram: ausência de randomização, falta de controle para fatores de confusão, altas perdas, falta de poder estatístico e avaliação do desfecho baseada em relato. A possibilidade de viés de publicação, favorecendo estudos de intervenção que mostraram efeitos benéficos, deve ser considerada. Intervenções efetivas para aumentar o uso de preservativos em pessoas HIV positivas são importantes para obter maior efeito na prevenção da disseminação do vírus.In order to identify educational interventions promoting male condom use during intercourse among HIV+ persons, we conducted a systematic review of publications. Lilacs/Bireme, Medline and Popline data sets and CDC and UNAIDS sites were searched without time limit. Uniterms used were: women; men; interventions; HIV; Aids; HIV positive; risk behaviors; sexual risk behaviors; and intervention studies. Fourteen interventions were included, eight of which reported a positive result. Most frequent methodological weaknesses observed were lack of randomization, no control for confounding, high rates of losses to follow-up, small sample sizes, and outcome of condom use stated by patient self-report. Publication bias favoring studies showing a beneficial effect has to be considered. Effective interventions aiming to promote condom use among HIV positive persons are currently an important tool in the prevention of HIV dissemination

Diferenciais socioeconômicos na realização de exame de urina no pré-natal

OBJECTIVE: Urinalysis is an essential component of the prenatal routine, as urinary tract infections during pregnancy may lead to preterm delivery and neonatal morbidity. The objective of the study was to analyze factors associated to the solicitation of urinalysis during pregnancy. METHODS: During 2004, 4,163 women living in the urban area of Pelotas (Southern Brazil) and who had received prenatal care were interviewed after delivery in the maternity hospitals of the city. Prevalence of the non-performance of urinalysis was analyzed in relation to socioeconomic and demographic variables, as well as to characteristics of prenatal care. After a bivariate analysis, logistic regression was conducted to identify factors associated with the outcome, controlling for possible confusion factors at a 5% level of significance. RESULTS: The prevalence of not having had the test was 3%. The multivariate analysis showed that black skin color, poverty, low schooling, being unmarried and having fewer than six prenatal visits were associated with a higher probability of not carrying out the test. Women who were black, poor and with low schooling presented a 10% probability of not being examined, compared to 0.4% for mothers who were white, wealthy and highly educated. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that urinalysis is essential for preventing complications for the mother and newborn, 3% of the women were not screened. Screening coverage may serve as an indicator to assess the quality of prenatal care. Pregnant women who are black, poor, with low schooling and unmarried should be targeted in programs for improving the quality of care.OBJETIVO: A importância do exame de urina na rotina do pré-natal deve-se à infecção do trato urinário na gestante, uma importante causa de parto prematuro e morbidade neonatal. O objetivo do estudo foi analisar fatores associados à solicitação de exames de urina durante a gestação. MÉTODOS: Durante o ano de 2004, 4.163 mulheres residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas (RS) e que haviam realizado pré-natal foram entrevistadas ao darem à luz nos hospitais da cidade. A prevalência da não realização do exame de urina na gestação foi analisada segundo variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e de atenção pré-natal. Após análise bivariada, foi realizada regressão logística para identificar fatores associados com o desfecho, controlando para possíveis fatores de confusão, ao nível de significância de

Aumento da prematuridade no Brasil: revisão de estudos de base populacional

OBJECTIVE: The greatest cause of infant mortality in Brazil is perinatal conditions, mostly associated with preterm delivery. The objective of the study was to evaluate the evolution of preterm delivery rates in Brazil. METHODS: A review was conducted using the Medline and Lilacs databases, including published studies in periodicals, thesis and dissertations since 1950. Exclusion criteria were: studies related to clinical trials and those with complications at gestation and preterm delivery and care. Inclusion criteria were: population-based studies on prevalence of preterm delivery in Brazil, with representative sample of the studied population, and using primary data. Out of 71 studies found, analysis was carried out on 12. RESULTS: The prevalence of preterm delivery found ranged from 3.4% to 15.0% in the Southern and Southeastern regions between 1978 and 2004, with a rising trend from the 1990s onwards. Studies in the Northeastern region between 1984 and 1998 found prevalences of preterm delivery ranging from 3.8% to 10.2%, also with a rising trend. CONCLUSIONS: Data from the national live birth information system do not corroborate these trends. Rather, they show differences between the preterm rates given by this system and the rates measured in the studies included in this review. Because of the important role of preterm birth in relation to infant mortality in Brazil, it is important to identify the cause of these increases and to plan interventions that can diminish their occurrence.OBJETIVO: La mayor causa de mortalidad infantil en Brasil son las condiciones perinatales, asociadas en su mayoría a la prematuridad. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la evolución de las tasas de prematuridad en Brasil. MÉTODOS: Se realizó una revisión en las bases de datos Medline y Lilacs, incluyendo estudios publicados en periódicos, tesis y disertaciones, desde 1950. Los criterios de exclusión fueron: los estudios que se referían a temas clínicos, con complicaciones de la prematuridad y gestación, así como cuidados con prematuros. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: estudios de base poblacional sobre prevalencia de prematuridad con datos de Brasil, con muestra representativa del lugar de estudio y con datos primarios. De 71 estudios encontrados, el análisis fue realizado con 12. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de prematuridad varió de 3,4% a 15,0% en las regiones Sur y Sureste, entre 1978 y 2004, sugiriendo tendencia creciente a partir de la década de 1990. Estudios en la región Noreste, entre 1984 y 1998, encontraron prevalencias de prematuridad de 3,8% a 10,2%, también con tendencia a aumentar. CONCLUSIONES: Los datos del Sistema de Informaciones de Nacidos Vivos no corroboran este aumento, ya que muestran diferencias entre las tasas de prematuridad informadas por ese Sistema y las tasas medidas en los estudios incluidos en esta revisión. Debido al importante papel de la prematuridad en la mortalidad infantil en Brasil es importante identificar las causas de este aumento y planificar intervenciones que disminuyan su ocurrencia.OBJETIVO: A maior causa de mortalidade infantil no Brasil são condições perinatais, associadas em sua maioria à prematuridade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a evolução das taxas de prematuridade no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada revisão nas bases de dados Medline e Lilacs, incluindo estudos publicados em periódicos, teses e dissertações, desde 1950. Os critérios de exclusão foram: estudos que se referiam a temas clínicos, com complicações da prematuridade e gestação, bem como cuidados com prematuros. Os critérios de inclusão foram: estudos de base populacional sobre prevalência de prematuridade com dados do Brasil, com amostra representativa do local do estudo e com dados primários. De 71 estudos encontrados, a análise foi realizada com 12. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de prematuridade variou de 3,4% a 15,0% nas regiões Sul e Sudeste, entre 1978 e 2004, sugerindo tendência crescente a partir da década de 1990. Estudos na região Nordeste, entre 1984 e 1998, encontraram prevalências de prematuridade de 3,8% a 10,2%, também com tendência a aumentar. CONCLUSÕES: Dados do Sistema de Informações de Nascidos Vivos não corroboram este aumento, pois mostram diferenças entre as taxas de prematuridade informadas por esse Sistema e as taxas medidas nos estudos incluídos nesta revisão. Devido ao importante papel da prematuridade na mortalidade infantil no Brasil é importante identificar as causas deste aumento e planejar intervenções que diminuam sua ocorrência

Genetic Markers Associated to Dyslipidemia in HIV-Infected Individuals on HAART

This study evaluated the impact of 9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 6 candidate genes (APOB, APOA5, APOE, APOC3, SCAP, and LDLR) over dyslipidemia in HIV-infected patients on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) with undetectable viral loads. Blood samples were collected from 614 patients at reference services in the cities of Porto Alegre, Pelotas, and Rio Grande in Brazil. The SNPs were genotyped by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was particularly high among the protease inhibitors-treated patients (79%). APOE (rs429358 and rs7412) genotypes and APOA5 −1131T>C (rs662799) were associated with plasma triglycerides (TG) and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL-C). The APOA5 −1131T>C (rs662799) and SCAP 2386A>G (rs12487736) polymorphisms were significantly associated with high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The mean values of the total cholesterol and LDL-C levels were associated with both the APOB SP Ins/Del (rs17240441) and APOB XbaI (rs693) polymorphisms. In conclusion, our data support the importance of genetic factors in the determination of lipid levels in HIV-infected individuals. Due to the relatively high number of carriers of these risk variants, studies to verify treatment implications of genotyping before HAART initiation may be advisable to guide the selection of an appropriate antiretroviral therapy regimen

Intimate partner violence victimisation and its association with maternal parenting (the 2015 Pelotas [Brazil] Birth Cohort): a prospective cohort study

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is highly prevalent in low-income and middle-income countries and has been a major obstacle towards reaching global health targets for women and children. We aimed to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between IPV victimisation and maternal parenting practices of young children in a population-based birth cohort study in Brazil. The 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort is an ongoing, prospective cohort, including all hospital births occurring between Jan 1 and Dec 31, 2015, in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. When children were aged 4 years, mothers reported on emotional, physical, and sexual IPV victimisation in the past 12 months. Parenting outcomes were assessed through filming the mother and child in interactive tasks at age 4 years and maternal interviews at ages 4 years and 6-7 years. Interactive tasks were filmed at the Centre for Epidemiological Research facilities. Directly observed outcomes included negative (eg, coercive) and positive (eg, sensitivity and reciprocity) parenting interactions independently coded by a team of psychologists. Self-reported parenting was measured using the subscales on quality of parent-child relationship, positive encouragement, parental consistency, and coercive behaviour of the Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales questionnaire. Unadjusted and adjusted linear regression analyses were performed to assess the associations. Of the 4275 livebirths enrolled in the cohort, 3730 mother-child dyads were included in our analytical sample at age 4 years and 3292 at age 6-7 years. After adjusting for all potential confounders, emotional IPV and physical or sexual IPV were associated with the following self-reported parenting outcomes: poor parent-child relationship quality (emotional IPV: p=0·011), lower parental consistency (emotional IPV: p<0·001, physical or sexual IPV: p=0·0053), and more coercive behaviour (emotional IPV: p<0·001, physical or sexual IPV: p=0·0071) at age 4 years. Associations were not observed for self-reported positive encouragement and filmed parenting outcomes in fully adjusted models. Longitudinally, IPV at age 4 years predicted similar outcomes when children were aged 6-7 years. In this large cohort study, maternal IPV victimisation was consistently associated with poorer parent-child relationship, decreased parental consistency, and increased harsh parenting reported by mothers of young children. As well as initiatives to prevent IPV, parenting interventions focused on supporting the capacity of caregivers to provide nurturing care delivered at key stages early in the life course are crucial. Wellcome Trust. For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section

Inequities in maternal postnatal visits among public and private patients: 2004 Pelotas cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The postnatal period is the ideal time to deliver interventions to improve the health of both the newborn and the mother. However, postnatal care shows low-level coverage in a large number of countries. The objectives of this study were to: 1) investigate inequities in maternal postnatal visits, 2) examine differences in postnatal care coverage between public and private providers and 3) explore the relationship between the absence of maternal postnatal visits and exclusive breastfeeding, use of contraceptive methods and maternal smoking three months after birth.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In the calendar year of 2004 a birth cohort study was started in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. Mothers were interviewed soon after delivery and at three months after birth. The absence of postnatal visits was defined as having no consultations between the time of hospital discharge and the third month post-partum. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between absence of postnatal visits and type of insurance scheme adjusting for potential confounding factors.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Poorer women, black/mixed, those with lower level of education, single mothers, adolescents, multiparae, smokers, women who delivered vaginally and those who were not assisted by a physician were less likely to attend postnatal care. Postnatal visits were also less frequent among women who relied in the public sector than among private patients (72.4% vs 96% among public and private patients, respectively, <it>x</it>²p < 0.001) and this difference was not explained either by maternal characteristics or by health care utilization patterns. Women who attended postnatal visits were more likely to exclusively breastfeed their infants, to use contraceptive methods and to be non-smokers three months after birth.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Postpartum care is available for every woman free of charge in the Brazilian Publicly-funded health care system. However, low levels of postpartum care were seen in the study (77%). Efforts should be made to increase the percentage of women receiving postpartum care, particularly those in socially disadvantaged groups. This could include locally-adapted health education interventions that address women's beliefs and attitudes towards postpartum care. There is a need to monitor postpartum care and collected data should be used to guide policies for health care systems.</p