Introdução à propriedade intelectual, direito autoral, direito de software e direito da personalidade

Contém texto de apoio à unidade 1 do Cursos de Direitos Autorais. As atividades da Unidade 1 são: Atividade 1 - Apresentação de conceitos básicos Atividade 2 - Limites do direito autoral e de software Atividade 3 - Obras protegidas e obras não protegidas pelo direito autoral Atividade 4 - Criador e titular dos direitos patrimoniais de uma obra Atividade 5 - Obras audiovisuais e colaborativas Atividade 6 - Obra sob encomenda, sua cessão ou licença de direito Atividade 7 - Obra anônima, pseudônima, póstuma e obras colocadas em logradouro público

Shrimp farming: Where does the carbon go?

Abstract The muscle tissues of the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp grown in ponds through organic and traditional (intensive) management show that δ13C values were similar amongst the shrimp. Shrimp grown in the traditional pond were enriched in 13C by 7‰ relative to the carbon isotope ratios of their feed. The differences in the carbon isotope ratios of shrimp and feed in the traditional pond shows that the feed is not the main carbon source for shrimp grown in the traditional intensive management. Using mass balance we calculate that feed in traditional culture contributes at most 13% of the shrimp's carbon biomass

MUDANÇAS CLIMÁTICAS E O PROTOCOLO DE QUIOTO: IMPLICAÇÕES PARA INSERÇÃO DA REGIÃO AMAZÔNICA NO MERCADO DE CARBONO

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o desempenho financeiro de um projeto de reflorestamento sustentável de Teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) na região amazônica, especificamente no Estado do Acre, visando à comercialização de créditos de carbono no âmbito do Protocolo de Quioto por meio do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). Para o caso específico da região amazônica, foi uma oportunidade para avaliar estratégias de políticas ambientais baseadas em instrumentos econômicos, e suas possíveis repercussões na região. Em relação à análise da viabilidade econômica do projeto como candidato a participação no mercado de carbono, obteve-se primeiramente um rendimento aproximado de 160 Reduções Certificadas de Emissões (RCEs) de carbono equivalente (CO2 eq.) por hectare. Sem a incorporação dos custos e receitas advindas da geração das RCEs, em 1 (um) hectare o projeto é viável a uma taxa mínima de atratividade (TMA) de 10 %, porém, havendo a incorporação das RCEs no projeto, este torna-se inviável economicamente de acordo com todos indicadores utilizados (TIR, VET, VPL, B(C)PE, B/C), passando a ser atrativo somente no caso de aumento da área do projeto para no mínimo 150 hectares. Por meio das análises de sensibilidade, constatou-se que o projeto, submetido à comercialização de créditos de carbono no âmbito do MDL, depende mais de fatores inerentes a produção e comercialização da madeira, do que as próprias RCEs. Para as condições vivenciadas pelos pequenos e médios produtores rurais da região amazônica, em especial no Estado do Acre, a estrutura de custos, principalmente àqueles relacionados à transação no Protocolo de Kyoto, é pouco atrativa.---------------------------------------------This study had as the main objective to analyze the financial performance of a sustainable reforestation project with Teka (Tectona grandis L.f.) in the Amazon region, more specifically in the State of Acre, seeking the commercialization of carbon credits concerning the Kyoto Protocol by the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). In the specific case of the Amazon region, it was an opportunity to evaluate strategies related to environment policies supposedly based in economics instruments, and their possible impacts on the region. Concerning the feasibility economic analysis of this project as a candidate to participate in the carbon merket it was, firstly, obtained a yield around of 160 Certified Emission Reduction (CER) of CO2 equivalent (CO2e) by hectare. If no incorporation of costs and income from the CERs generation, for 1 hectare, this project would be viable at minimal attractive rate (MAR) of 10 %, on the another hand, taking into account the CER incorporation into this project, it turn to be not viable in economic terms, which would just be economically attractive if the increasing of the project area to at least 150 hectares. Taking into account sensitivity analysis, was verified that the project submitted to commercialization of carbon credits in the CDM setting, depend more on factors related to the timber production and commercialization, than the CER itself. For the conditions observed by small and medium rural producer, living in the Amazon region, in special those living in the State of Acre, the costs structure, mainly those concerning the transaction costs related to Kyoto Protocol, is less attractive.Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Amazônia, Economia Florestal, ustainable Development, Amazon, Forest Economy, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

Sheep Performance in Italian Ryegrass Swards at Contrasting Sward Heights

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sward height on lamb performance. The experiment was carried out at the Research Station of UFRGS, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil. Yearling no-castrated male lambs were assessed in terms of individual animal performance and gain per hectare. The experiment was carried out in a randomised block design with three replications of four treatments: 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm of sward surface height (SSH), which were maintained using continuous variable stocking, and monitored by a sward stick. Samples of 0.25 m2 were cut to ground level to estimate herbage and leaf lamina mass. Live weight gain per area and per animal increased in a quadratic pattern. The best animal production was found in a sward of approximately 15 cm high

PERCEPÇÃO DO ESTUDANTE DE GRADUAÇÃO SOBRE O AMBIENTE ACADÊMICO DA UFG: ANÁLISE FATORIAL E DE CLUSTER

Este artigo apresenta os resultados da utilização de análise fatorial e de cluster a partir da percepção dos estudantes de graduação em relação ao ambiente acadêmico da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). A primeira metodologia, qual seja, a análise fatorial, permite identificar cinco fatores extraídos a partir das 19 questões analisadas de um total de 26 respondidas pelos discentes no momento da matrícula no segundo semestre de 2013. Enquanto a segunda metodologia, a análise de cluster, segmentou oito grupos para os 106 cursos da UFG, destacando que em alguns agrupamentos predominaram áreas como das ciências da saúde, da informação e das engenharias, permitindo concluir que os estudantes possuem percepções semelhantes conforme sua área do conhecimento, mesmo variando os campi em que frequentam as aulas

Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Link Design for Networked Robotics

This chapter aims to present the fundamentals of the design of wireless communication links for networked robotics applications. First, we provide an overview of networked robotics applications, motivating the importance of the wireless communication link as an enabler of these applications. Next, we review the wireless communication technologies available today, discussing the existent tradeoffs between range, power, and data rate, and introducing the main concepts regarding the design of wireless communication links. Finally, we present a design example of a wireless communication link and the results obtained. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of the results and the challenges faced in the design of wireless communication links for networked robotics

Morphological alterations and gene and protein expression profiling of bladder tumor cells after treatment with gemcitabine.

Chemical agents used in cancer therapy are associated with cell cycle arrest, activation or deactivation of mechanisms\ud associated to DNA repair and apoptosis. However, due to the complexity of biological systems, the molecular\ud mechanisms responsible for these activities are not fully understood. Thus, studies about gene and protein expression\ud have shown promising results for understanding the mechanisms related to cellular responses and regression of cancer\ud after chemotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the gene and protein expression profiling in bladder transitional cell\ud carcinoma (TCC) with different TP53 status after gemcitabine (1.56 μM) treatment. The RT4 (grade 1, TP53 wild\ud type), 5637 (grade 2, TP53 mutated) and T24 (grade 3, TP53 mutated) cell lines were used. PCR arrays and mass\ud spectrometry were used to analyze gene and protein expression, respectively. Morphological alterations were observed\ud using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of PCR array\ud showed that gemcitabine activity was mainly related to CDKN1A, GADD45A and SERTDA1 overexpression, and BAX\ud overexpression only in the wild type TP53 cells. Mass spectrometry demonstrated that gemcitabine modulated the protein\ud expression, especially those from genes related to apoptosis, transport of vesicles and stress response. Analyses using SEM\ud and TEM showed changes in cell morphology independently on the cell line studied. The observed decreased number of\ud microvillus suggests low contact among the cells and between cell and extracellular matrix; irregular forms might indicate\ud actin cytoskeleton deregulation; and the reduction in the amount of organelles and core size might indicate reduced\ud cellular metabolism. In conclusion, independently on TP53 status or grade of bladder tumor, gemcitabine modulated\ud genes related to the cell cycle and apoptosis, that reflected in morphological changes indicative of future cell death.FAPESPCNP

Ruptura Bilateral do Músculo Fibular Terceiro em Bovino

Background: The peroneus tertius muscle is responsible for tarsal flexion and coordinate extension of the stifle joint. The most common causes of rupture are excessive effort when trying to rise on a slippery surface, mounting, or being mounted. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is characterized by an inability to flex the hock. Most cases are not curable, presenting an unfavorable to poor prognosis, and the animal has to be euthanized. This study aimed to report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a cow from the municipality of Castanhal, state of Pará (Amazonian biome). Case: We report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a 4-year-old cow, mixed breed, weighing approximately 400 kg, calved 3 months ago, belonging to a batch of 40 cattle kept on extensive breeding system in a pasture of Urochloa (Brachiaria) brizantha. The clinical signs appeared after the cow was mounted by a 1,100 kg bull and consisted of lameness, falling into sternal decubitus with hind limbs extended backward, hyperextension of the hocks with flexed stifle, with the tibia and metatarsus in a straight line, which lead to a 90-degree position of the femur and knee. Abrasions in the dorsal region of the fetlocks reinforce evidence of dragging hooves. Diagnosis of bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle was performed by a clinical examination and semiological test. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (flunixin meglumine, 2,2 mg/kg, every 24 h for 4 days) were prescribed for treatment, in addition to resting in a paddock with good availability of pasture, water, and mineral salt. After 3 months, we observed an improvement of the clinical signs, and after 6 months, an almost complete recovery. Only a slight difficulty in flexing the hock when moving remained. Discussion: In the present report, bull mounting was the probable cause of the hyperextension of both hocks and the bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle. According to the handler, these clinical signs were only evidenced after the animal was mounted. As stated in the literature, accidents such as falls, slips, mounting or being mounted, as well as excessive traction and over-elevation of the limb are considered predisposing factors for the onset of the disease. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is unusual in production animals; therefore, the low occurrence of reports on this kind of rupture in the literature makes this case even more unique. The bilateral injury differs from cases described in the literature, in which the reported injuries were always unilateral. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that the act of mounting was the triggering factor for the bilateral rupture of the animal peroneus tertius muscle. The breeding system also differs from the cases diagnosed by the same authors, since they describe the disease in bovines kept on intensive or semi-intensive breeding. In the present case, the cattle were kept on an extensive breeding system. The extension and flexion tests used in the clinical examination allowed for the diagnosis of rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in both limbs, similarly to what has been reported by other authors. Anamnesis, clinical findings, and exclusion of different diagnoses were decisive for establishing the diagnosis. The treatment chosen was efficient, even though the case was severe, as the injury occurred in both hind limbs. Keywords: cattle disease, muscle injury, lameness, rupture. Título: Ruptura bilateral do músculo fibular terceiro em bovino Descritores: doença do gado, lesão muscular, claudicação, ruptura.Background: O músculo fibular terceiro é responsável pela flexão do tarso e extensão coordenada da articulação fêmuro-tíbio-patelar. As causas mais comuns da ruptura são o esforço excessivo ao se levantar em piso escorregadio, montar ou ser montado por outros animais, entre outras causas. A ruptura do músculo fibular terceiro é caracterizada pela incapacidade de flexão do jarrete e, na maioria dos casos, não há recuperação, o prognóstico geralmente é desfavorável a ruim e o animal é destinado à eutanásia. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o quadro clínico e o tratamento empregado na ruptura bilateral do músculo fibular terceiro em uma vaca do município de Castanhal, estado do Pará (bioma amazônico). Case: Descreve-se o quadro clínico e o tratamento empregado na ruptura bilateral do músculo fibular terceiro em uma vaca, com quatro anos de idade, sem raça definida, com aproximadamente 400kg, parida há três meses, pertencente a um lote de 40 bovinos mantidos em sistema de criação extensiva em pastagem de Urochloa (Brachiaria) brizantha. Os sinais clínicos surgiram após ser coberta por um touro de 1.100Kg e consistiram em claudicação, queda em decúbito esternal com os membros posteriores estendidos para trás, hiperextensão dos jarretes com a soldra flexionada, ficando a tíbia e o metatarso em linha reta, levando a formação de um ângulo de 90º entre o fêmur e o joelho. As escoriações na região dorsal dos boletos pélvicos reforçam a evidência do arrastar das pinças. O diagnóstico da ruptura bilateral do músculo fibular terceiro foi realizado por meio do exame clínico semiológico. No tratamento foi prescrito anti-inflamatório não-esteroidal (flunixin meglumine, 2,2 mg/kg, a cada 24h, durante quatro dias) e repouso em um piquete com boa disponibilidade de pastagem, água e sal mineral. Após três meses observou-se a melhora dos sinais clínicos e após seis meses uma recuperação quase completa, permanecendo apenas uma leve dificuldade de flexionar o jarrete no momento da locomoção. Discussion: No presente relato, a monta do touro foi a provável causa da hiperextensão de ambos os jarretes e a ruptura bilateral dos músculos fibulares terceiros. A lesão bilateral difere de casos descritos em livros e artigos em que as lesões relatadas foram sempre unilaterais, reforçando a hipótese de o ato da monta ter sido o fator desencadeante da ruptura bilateral do músculo fibular terceiro do animal. Conclui-se que a anamnese, achados clínicos e exclusão de diagnósticos direfencias foram decisivos para instituição do diagnóstico. O tratamento instituído foi eficiente, mesmo se tratando de um caso grave, no qual a lesão ocorreu em ambos os membros posteriores