Relations between Natural Phenomena and Solar Activity in the Oceanographic and Forest Fields

A great number of studies on the relationship between solar activity and various terrestrial phenomena, both in the climatic and geophysical fields, have been carried out over several decades. In the present work we analyse the shorter oscillations of the solar activity such as the ones recognized in the climatic and oceanographic oscillations, for which, as it is known, longer series of observations are unavailable. Specially we analyse both the sunspot series (Wolf relative number series) considered an index of solar activity and observed since 1700 and the series of the mean sea level variation of the longest ones available in the word and relative to three oceanographic stations in Poland (Swinoujscie), France (Brest) and Italy (Venezia), whose geographical distribution made the comparison interesting. Because of the sea level evolution fluctuate in intensity, an analysis of these fluctuations and their possible correlation with the solar activity was considered of great interest to give a contribution for the explanation of the various interactions between natural phenomena and other problems relating to the forecasting of the climatic evolution

Analysis of Improved Work Posture to Reduce Musculosceletal Disorders using the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment and Ovako Work Posture Analysis System methods (Case Study : Employees in the Warehouse of PT. AFS Maros, South Sulawesi)

PT. AFS is a Limited Liability Company engaged in catering services. One of the most important divisions in this field is in the warehousing department. Receiving is the place where the goods are entered, while the store is the place where the goods are stored for a period of time with reference to the expiration date of the product. Goods collection is done when receiving incoming goods, moving goods from the receptionist to the store, and when requesting goods from the production room. Body posture is a determining factor in analyzing the effectiveness of a warehouse operator's work. If the operator's work attitude is wrong or not ergonomic, the employee will tire easily and bone abnormalities can occur. Complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders are complaints of skeletal muscles that are felt by a person from very mild to severe complaints. For the RULA and OWAS methods, posture analysis is only carried out in the main warehouse. The final Rapid Upper Body Limb Assessment (RULA) score for both workers was Score 7 (Action Level 4) which indicates that this condition is dangerous and requires immediate inspection and changes (on the spot). And the Ovako Work Posture Analysis System (OWAS) shows category 4 (This attitude is very dangerous for the musculoskeletal system. Needs to be corrected immediately/currently) and Category 1 (in this system problems in the musculoskeletal system don't need to be fixed).PT. AFS is a Limited Liability Company engaged in catering services. One of the most important divisions in this field is in the warehousing department. Receiving is the place where the goods are entered, while the store is the place where the goods are stored for a period of time with reference to the expiration date of the product. Goods collection is done when receiving incoming goods, moving goods from the receptionist to the store, and when requesting goods from the production room. Body posture is a determining factor in analyzing the effectiveness of a warehouse operator's work. If the operator's work attitude is wrong or not ergonomic, the employee will tire easily and bone abnormalities can occur. Complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders are complaints of skeletal muscles that are felt by a person from very mild to severe complaints. For the RULA and OWAS methods, posture analysis is only carried out in the main warehouse. The final Rapid Upper Body Limb Assessment (RULA) score for both workers was Score 7 (Action Level 4) which indicates that this condition is dangerous and requires immediate inspection and changes (on the spot). And the Ovako Work Posture Analysis System (OWAS) shows category 4 (This attitude is very dangerous for the musculoskeletal system. Needs to be corrected immediately/currently) and Category 1 (in this system problems in the musculoskeletal system don't need to be fixed)

Diagnostic Process of an Ancient Colonnade Using 3D High-Resolution Models with Non-Invasive Multi Techniques

Here, an avant-garde study of three ancient Doric columns of the precious, ancient Romanesque church of Saints Lorenzo and Pancrazio in the historical town center of Cagliari (Italy) is presented based on the integrated application of different non-destructive testing methods. The limitations of each methodology are overcome by the synergistic application of these methods, affording an accurate, complete 3D image of the studied elements. Our procedure begins with a macroscopic in situ analysis to provide a preliminary diagnosis of the conditions of the building materials. The next step is laboratory tests, in which the porosity and other textural characteristics of the carbonate building materials are studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy. After this, a survey with a terrestrial laser scanner and close-range photogrammetry is planned and executed to produce accurate high-resolution 3D digital models of the entire church and the ancient columns inside. This was the main objective of this study. The high-resolution 3D models allowed us to identify architectural complications occurring in historical buildings. The 3D reconstruction with the above metric techniques was indispensable for planning and carrying out the 3D ultrasonic tomography, which played an important role in detecting defects, voids, and flaws within the body of the studied columns by analyzing the propagation of the ultrasonic waves. The high-resolution 3D multiparametric models allowed us to obtain an extremely accurate picture of the conservation state of the studied columns in order to locate and characterize both shallow and internal defects in the building materials. This integrated procedure can aid in the control of the spatial and temporal variations in the materials’ properties and provides information on the process of deterioration in order to allow adequate restoration solutions to be developed and the structural health of the artefact to be monitored

3D imaging of CRP and ultrasonic tomography to detect decay in a living adult holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in Sardinia (Italy)

A field-integrated methodology using 3D ultrasonic tomography supported by close range photogrammetry (CRP) has been developed and evaluated as a tool to detect the presence and patterns of decay forms in a living adult holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in an urban green area of the city of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. Close range photogrammetry was used to compute a high resolution 3D model of the studied tree, texturized with natural colors. Moreover, following the implemented workflow process it was possible to evaluate the deformation pattern of the studied tree over time. In a second step of our integrated approach, and in order to diagnose the state of health of the inner part of the studied tree in a non-invasive way, laboratory and in situ non-invasive ultrasonic techniques were applied. The results of the close range photogrammetry analysis supported the optimal design of the 3D ultrasonic tomography of the living adult holm oak. Ultrasonic tomography is one of the most powerful non-destructive testing techniques for the full-volume inspection of a structure. It produced physical information on the inner structure of the stem of the investigated tree. The results of the study show that the integrated application of close range photogrammetry and 3D ultrasonic tomography is a powerful tool for a highly accurate and objective evaluation of the external and internal decay of trees and for monitoring their conservation states. With the fully integrated approach, the diagnostic process aimed to prevent instability and the failure of trees can be greatly improved

High resolution 3-D modelling of cylinder shape bodies applied to ancient columns of a church

The use of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) applied to construction materials allows to highlight and characterize their features, especially in the case of old buildings. The multi-technique high resolution 3D modelling described here is aimed to investigate the conservation state of the central column of a colonnade in the ancient church of Saints Lorenzo and Pancratio, dating to about the second half of the thirteenth century and located in the old town of Cagliari (Italy). This column was considered of interest because its longitudinal axis deviates from its ideal position and it appears the most deteriorated. In this work we describe the integrated application of 3D diagnostic methods, i.e. Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS), close range photogrammetry (CRP) and ultrasonic tomography supported by petrographic investigations. They were used to improve the diagnostic process of the conservation state of the investigated column. The TLS technique was supported by CRP to obtain a natural colour texturized 3D model of the column. The geometrical anomaly maps derived from the data of the TLS-CRP survey show the presence of some anomalies worthy of attention. Starting from the 3D reconstruction with previous techniques we planned and implemented a 3D ultrasonic tomography. Ultrasonic tomography proved to be a successful tool in identifying internal defects, as well as the presence of voids and flaws within the materials through the analysis of the propagation of ultrasonic waves. The integration of the three non-invasive techniques supported by petrographical analyses demonstrates its potential in reducing ambiguities since each technique brings its clue to the overall diagnostic process