The star cluster - field star connection in nearby spiral galaxies. II. Field star and cluster formation histories and their relation

Recent studies have started to cast doubt on the assumption that most stars are formed in clusters. Observational studies of field stars and star cluster systems in nearby galaxies can lead to better constraints on the fraction of stars forming in clusters. We aim to constrain the amount of star formation happening in long-lived clusters for four galaxies through the homogeneous study of field stars and star clusters. Using HST/ACS-WFPC2 images of the galaxies NGC45, NGC1313, NGC5236 and NGC7793, we estimate star formation histories by means of the synthetic CMD method. Masses and ages of star clusters are estimated using simple stellar population model fitting. Comparing observed and modeled luminosity functions we estimate cluster formation rates. By randomly sampling the stellar IMF, we construct artificial star clusters and quantify how stochastic effects influence cluster detection, integrated colors and age estimates. Star formation rates appear to be constant over the past 10-100 Myr. The number of clusters identified per galaxy varies, with few massive (>10^5Msun) and few old (>1Gyr) clusters. The galaxies NGC5236 and NGC1313 show high star and cluster formation rates compare to NGC7793 and NGC45. Stochastic sampling of the SIMF has a strong impact on estimation of ages, colors and completeness for clusters with masses <10^4Msun, while for high masses the effect is less pronounced. Stochasticity also makes size measurements highly uncertain at young ages, making it difficult to distinguish between clusters and stars based on sizes. The ratio of star formation happening in clusters compared to the global star formation ($\Gamma$) appears to vary for different galaxies. We find no obvious relation between $\Gamma$ and the star formation rate density within the range probed here. The $\Gamma$ values do, however, appear to correlate with the specific U-band luminosity (T_L (U)).Comment: 18 pages, 17 figures. A&A accepte

Evidence of an interaction from resolved stellar populations: The curious case of NGC1313

The galaxy NGC1313 has attracted the attention of various studies due to the peculiar morphology observed in optical bands, although it is classified as a barred, late-type galaxy with no apparent close-by companions. However, the velocity field suggests an interaction with a satellite companion. Using resolved stellar populations, we study different parts of the galaxy to understand further its morphology. Based on HST/ACS images, we estimated star formation histories by means of the synthetic CMD method in different areas in the galaxy. Incompleteness limits our analysis to ages younger than ~100Myr. Stars in the red and blue He burning phases are used to trace the distribution of recent star formation. Star formation histories suggest a burst in the southern-west region. We support the idea that NGC1313 is experiencing an interaction with a satellite companion, observed as a tidally disrupted satellite galaxy in the south-west of NGC1313. However, we do not observe any indication of a perturbation due to the interaction with the satellite galaxy at other locations across the galaxy, suggesting that only a modest-sized companion that did not trigger a global starburst was involved.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

No Evidence for Significant Age Spreads in Young Massive LMC Clusters

Recent discoveries have put the picture of stellar clusters being simple stellar populations into question. In particular, the color-magnitude diagrams of intermediate age (1-2 Gyr) massive clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) show features that could be interpreted as age spreads of 100-500 Myr. If multiple generations of stars are present in these clusters then, as a consequence, young (<1 Gyr) clusters with similar properties should have age spreads of the same order. In this paper we use archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data of eight young massive LMC clusters (NGC 1831, NGC 1847, NGC 1850, NGC 2004, NGC 2100, NGC 2136, NGC 2157 and NGC 2249) to test this hypothesis. We analyzed the color-magnitude diagrams of these clusters and fitted their star formation history to derive upper limits of potential age spreads. We find that none of the clusters analyzed in this work shows evidence for an extended star formation history that would be consistent with the age spreads proposed for intermediate age LMC clusters. Tests with artificial single age clusters show that the fitted age dispersion of the youngest clusters is consistent with spreads that are purely induced by photometric errors. As an additional result we determined a new age of NGC 1850 of ~100 Myr, significantly higher than the commonly used value of about 30 Myr, although consistent with early HST estimates.Comment: 19 pages, 33 figures, accepted for publication in A&

The effect of spatial resolution on optical and near-IR studies of stellar clusters: Implications for the origin of the red excess

Recent ground based near-IR studies of stellar clusters in nearby galaxies have suggested that young clusters remain embedded for 7-10Myr in their progenitor molecular cloud, in conflict with optical based studies which find that clusters are exposed after 1-3Myr. Here, we investigate the role that spatial resolution plays in this apparent conflict. We use a recent catalogue of young ($5000$~\msun) clusters in the nearby spiral galaxy, M83, along with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging in the optical and near-IR, and ground based near-IR imaging, to see how the colours (and hence estimated properties such as age and extinction) are affected by the aperture size employed, in order to simulate studies of differing resolution. We find that the near-IR is heavily affected by the resolution, and when aperture sizes $>40$~pc are used, all young/blue clusters move red-ward in colour space, which results in their appearance as heavily extincted clusters. However, this is due to contamination from nearby sources and nebular emission, and is not an extinction effect. Optical colours are much less affected by resolution. Due to the larger affect of contamination in the near-IR, we find that, in some cases, clusters will appear to show near-IR excess when large ($>20$~pc) apertures are used. Our results explain why few young ($<6$~Myr), low extinction (\av < 1~mag) clusters have been found in recent ground based near-IR studies of cluster populations, while many such clusters have been found in higher resolution HST based studies. Additionally, resolution effects appear to (at least partially) explain the origin of the near-IR excess that has been found in a number of extragalactic YMCs.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

An intelligent approach to design and development of personalized meta search: Recommendation of scientific articles

In this article we present a method to recommend articles scientists taking into account their degree of generality or specificity. In terms of methodology, two approaches are presented to recommend articles based on Topic Modeling. The first of these is based on the divergence of topics that are given in the documents, while the second is based on the similarity between these topics. After a validation process it was demonstrated that the proposed methods are more efficient than the traditional methods

Some remarks on Petty projection of log-concave functions

In this note we study the Petty projection of a log-concave function, which has been recently introduced in [9]. Moreover, we present some new inequalities involving this new notion, partly complementing and correcting some results from [9].Comment: 11 Page