Fragilidades da educação ambiental na escola pública: a formação dos professores

Neste trabalho, buscou-se compreender sobre as condições requeridas para o desenvolvimento da Educação Ambiental Crítica nas escolas, de forma especial, a capacitação docente. A pesquisa foi realizada com a participação de 34 professores de duas escolas públicas estaduais em Colatina-ES. Os dados foram coletados a partir de questionários e a análise feita de forma qualitativa e quantitativa. Os resultados evidenciaram que há deficiência na formação dos professores quanto às questões ambientais, tanto na formação inicial quanto na continuada. Havendo, portanto, a necessidade do aprimoramento e da oportunização da formação docente condizente com os objetivos da Educação Ambiental Crítica

Different planting spacings and fertilization levels on the activity of nitrate reductase in leaves of papaya hybrid UENF/CALIMAN-01

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes espaçamentos de plantio e de níveis de adubação NPK sobre a atividade da redutase do nitrato (RN) nas folhas do híbrido de mamoeiro UENF/CALIMAN-01 , visando a sugerir possível ajuste em seu manejo de adubação nitrogenada, no sentido de maximizar a eficiência do uso do nitrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Caliman Agrícola S.A., no município de Linhares - ES. Utilizou-se o delineamento estatístico experimental em blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial, com três espaçamentos de plantio entre plantas (E1 = 1,8 m; E2 = 2,25 m, e E3 = 2,7 m), cinco níveis de adubação NPK convencional (A1 = 80% do padrão; A2 = 100% padrão da empresa; A3 = 120% do padrão; A4 = 140% do padrão, e A5 = 160% do padrão) e cinco períodos de avaliação (meses de março a julho). O padrão de adubação NPK da empresa consiste em 350; 105 e 660 kg ha-1ano-1 de sulfato de amônio (20% de N), superfosfato simples (18% de P) e cloreto de potássio (60% de K), respectivamente. Os dados obtidos para a atividade da RN foram submetidos a uma análise de variância e teste de médias. Dentre os tratamentos testados, o nível A1 (80% do padrão), independentemente do espaçamento, poderia ser indicado no manejo do híbrido de mamoeiro UENF/CALIMAN-01, pois em todos eles a atividade da redutase do nitrato, em praticamente todos os períodos avaliados, apresentou valores adequados, ou até mesmo superiores aos encontrados na literatura em cultivares de mamoeiro. A redução da adubação NPK pôde ser justificada, uma vez que não houve diferença na produtividade das plantas entre os tratamentos avaliados.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different planting spacings and levels of NPK manuring on the activity of the nitrate reductase (NR) in the leaves of the papaya hybrid UENF/CALIMAN-01, aiming to suggest possible adjustment in the handling of nitrogen fertilization, in the sense of maximizing the efficiency of the use of the nitrogen. The experiment was driven in the Caliman Agrícola S.A. farm, in the municipal district of Linhares- ES. A complete block design, factorial, with three planting spacings among plants (E1 = 1.8 m, E2 = 2.25 m and E3 = 2.7 m), five levels of NPK conventional manuring (A1 = 80% of the standard, A2 = 100% of the company standard, A3 = 120% of the standard, A4 = 140% of the standard and A5 = 160% of the standard) and five evaluation periods ( from March to July) was used. The standard of the company NPK manuring consists of 350, 105 and 660 Kg ha-1year -1 of sulfate of ammonium (20% of N), simple superphosphate (18% of P) and potassium chloride (60% of K), respectively. The data obtained for the activity of NR were submitted to a variance analysis and average test. Among the tested treatments, A1 (80% of standard), independent of the spacing, could be indicated in the handling of the hybrid UENF/CALIMAN-01, because in all of them the activity of the nitrate reductase in, practically, all of the appraised periods, presented appropriate values, or even, superiors to the ones found in the literature for the papaya tree. The reduction of NPK fertilization could be justified, once that did not have difference in the productivity of the plants among the evaluated treatments.FINEPCNPq(FAPERJ) Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeir

Genetic analysis of an insular population of Sapajus nigritus (Primates: Cebidae) in Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil

The black-horned capuchin (Sapajus nigritus) is a neotropical primate with wide distribution from southeastern Brazil to northeastern Argentina. Although this species has been described with coat pattern variation, even with intrapopulational differences, and characterized as having the greatest genetic diversity among Sapajus species, there are still few studies on natural populations that contribute to the knowledge of this intraspecific variability. We examined individuals from an as yet unstudied population of Ilha da Marambaia, Rio de Janeiro (RJ) state, Brazil, compared with published data for S. nigritus. We sought to confirm the species through phenotypic and genetic characterization using C-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization with #11qHe+/21WCP probes for chromosomal constitutive heterochromatin (He+) patterns, and cytochrome c oxidase I and II gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis. The coat presented two color patterns, varying from brown to blackish on the body, yellow to brown on the chest, and white to yellow on the face, besides the presence and shape of the tufts on the head, corresponding to S. nigritus. He+ was identified in pairs 4, 12, 13 and 17, and less consistently in pairs 6, 19 and 21, already described for this species. While most Sapajus species have a large He+ block, here pair 11 was identified without extracentromeric He+, the same as reported for S. nigritus from Argentina. Molecular analysis showed divergence of this population from other S. nigritus sequences, reinforcing a trend already demonstrated when samples from RJ are compared with the rest of the distribution, which may represent an evolutionary deviation.Fil: Mattos Penedo, Diego. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Azevedo de Armada, Jorge Luís. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Nieves, Mariela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. CEMIC-CONICET. Centro de Educaciones Médicas e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno". CEMIC-CONICET; ArgentinaFil: da Silva Verona, Carlos Eduardo. No especifíca;Fil: de Oliveira, Andréa Maria. Universidade Do Estado de Rio Do Janeiro. Instituto de Biologia "roberto Alcantara Gomes".; BrasilFil: de Sousa dos Santo, Emidio José. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrasilFil: Monnerat Nogueira, Denise. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro; Brasi

Plasticity of coffee to light: morphological and physiological responses in genotypes of Coffea arabica L

No presente trabalho, três genótipos de Coffea arabica L., submetidos a condições contrastantes de luz (pleno sol e sombra), foram avaliados a fim de determinarem-se os possíveis efeitos do sombreamento sobre: (i) as características do sistema fotoprotetor e antioxidativo, (ii) os custos de construção e manutenção do tecido vegetal, (iii) a plasticidade fenotípica e suas relações com a tolerância à sombra, bem como (iv) determinar os possíveis fatores determinantes das limitações impostas à fotossíntese. Para tal, plantas foram cultivadas por um ano sob sombreamento (10% da radiação solar) e a pleno sol, e avaliadas após a emissão do oitavo par de ramos plagiotrópicos. Na primeira seção, testou-se a hipótese de que cultivares mais modernas (Catuaí) apresentariam maior plasticidade de características associadas ao sistema antioxidativo e fotoprotetor que aquelas mais antigas (Typica), presumivelmente com menor tolerância a alta luminosidade. Os resultados mostraram que, de modo geral, as variáveis fotossintéticas avaliadas pouco responderam aos tratamentos impostos, apesar de as plantas a pleno sol tenderem a apresentar valores superiores aos das plantas à sombra (exceto a eficiência de captura de energia de excitação pelos centros de reação abertos do fotossistema II, Fv‟/Fm‟, e o coeficiente de extinção fotoinibitório (qI). Os aumentos da atividade antioxidante foram associados a aumentos das defesas enzimáticas e não enzimáticas (carotenoides e fenóis). Entretanto, esses mecanismos não evitaram a ocorrência de danos oxidativos em Bourbon e Typica ao sol, visto que aumentos do conteúdo de aldeído malônico foram observados. Em particular, Typica apresentou as menores concentrações de zeaxantina (Zea) a pleno sol, associados a aumentos em qI em resposta ao aumento da disponibilidade de luz nas plantas ao sol. Uma vez que Zea parece possuir um importante papel em processos que contribuem para formação de qI, os aumentos observados em Typica podem ser um resultado das reduções das concentrações de Zea a pleno sol, podendo explicar a suscetibilidade dessa cultivar à fotoinibição. Por outro lado, os maiores teores de Zea em Catuaí e Bourbon podem ter contribuído para a redução de qI e aumento da proteção contra fotodanos. Os custos de construção e manutenção (CM) foram superiores nas plantas a pleno sol, embora nessas plantas CM tenha sido maior nas plantas de Typica a pleno sol. Assim, a adaptação da cultivar Catuaí à altas irradiâncias parece estar relacionada a mecanismos fotoprotetores e antioxidativos mais eficientes, bem como uma maior plasticidade fotossintética. Por outro lado, embora tenha apresentado uma maior plasticidade fenotípica associada ao sistema antioxidante, a cultivar Typica mostrou maiores riscos de ocorrência de fotodanos e fotoinibição sob altas irradiâncias. Na segunda seção, foram analisadas as contribuições dos principais fatores que governam as modificações da fotossíntese ao longo do dia em C. arabica, bem como a contribuição das variações intraespecíficas na capacidade hidráulica foliar e sua influência sobre as potenciais diferenças de produção observadas entre genótipos modernos em relação àqueles que retiveram características associadas à tolerância a sombra. Os resultados mostraram que, embora as taxas fotossintéticas líquida (A) ao longo do dia tenham seguido o mesmo padrão de comportamento observado na condutância estomática (gs) e condutância mesofílica (gm), a pleno sol, o ajustamento da abertura estomática ao longo do dia foi o principal fator determinante da fotossíntese em cafeeiro (mais que 40% da limitação total), dentre as variáveis analisadas. As limitações estomáticas mostraram maior importância na explicação das baixas taxas fotossintéticas, seguida das limitações mesofílicas e bioquímicas, que tenderam a apresentar magnitudes de importância semelhante. Observaram-se fortes correlações entre gs, déficit de pressão de vapor (DPV) e, especialmente condutância hidráulica (KF), indicando que KF atuaria como o fator primário na redução de gs. Destaca-se, ainda, que, embora Typica possua uma capacidade fotossintética semelhante à das demais cultivares, sua maior limitação fotossintética pode ser resultado de uma arquitetura hidráulica menos robusta, podendo constituir- se em um fator de destaque na redução da produtividade dessa cultivar quando cultivada a pleno sol.In this study, three genotypes of Coffea arabica L., subjected to contrasting light conditions (full sun and shade), were assessed to investigate the possible effects of shading on: (i) the characteristics of the photoprotective and antioxidative system, (ii) the costs of construction and maintenance of the plant tissues, (iii) the phenotypic plasticity and its relationship with shade tolerance, and (iv) to evaluate the key limiting processes to photosynthesis. To this goal, plants were grown either under shade for a year (10 % of solar radiation) or full sun light, and evaluated after the appearance of the eighth pair of plagiotropic branches. In the first section, we tested the hypothesis that modern cultivars (Catuaí) display higher plasticity associated with antioxidative and photoprotective system than older cultivars (Typica), presumably with less tolerance to high irradiances. The results showed that, overall, the photosynthetic variables evaluated responded little, if any, to the treatments, although full sun plants tend to have higher values than those in the shade (except the efficiency of excitation energy capture by open photosystem II reaction centers, Fv'/Fm', and the photoinhibitory quenching coefficient, qI). Increases in antioxidant activity were associated with increases in enzymatic and non-enzymatic defenses (carotenoids and phenols). However, these mechanisms did not prevent the occurrence of oxidative damage in Typica and Bourbon plants grown under full sun, as judged from the increases in malondialdehyde content. Particularly, Typica presented the lowest concentrations of zeaxanthin (Zea) in full sun pants, with increases in qI in response to high light availability in sun plants. Given that Zea seems to have an important role in processes involved in qI formation, the observed increases in Typica may be a result of reductions in concentrations of Zea in full sun plants, and could explain the susceptibility of this cultivar to photoinhibition. Furthermore, the highest levels of Zea in Catuaí and Bourbon may have contributed to the reduction of qI and increased protection against photodamages. Higher costs of construction and maintenance (CM) were found in sun-expanded leaves, mainly in Typica plants. It is suggested that the adjustment of the Catuaí plants to high irradiances may be related to more efficient antioxidative and photoprotective mechanisms, and greater photosynthetic plasticity. Moreover, although having a higher phenotypic plasticity associated with antioxidant system, Typica plants showed higher risks of suffering from photodamage and photoinhibition at high light intensities. In the second section, it was analyzed the contributions of the main factors that govern the changes of photosynthesis throughout the day in C. arabica, and the contribution of intraspecific variation in leaf hydraulic capacity and its potential influence on the differences observed between modern genotypes compared to those that retained characteristics associated with tolerance to shade in the field. The results showed that, although the photosynthetic rates (A) throughout the day have followed the same pattern as that of stomatal conductance (gs) and mesophyll conductance (gm), the diurnal adjustment of stomatal aperture was the main limiting factor to photosynthesis in coffee in full sun plants (more than 40 % of the total limitation). Stomatal limitations were, thus, of great importance to explain the low photosynthetic rates in coffee, followed by mesophilic and biochemical limitations, which tended to have similar magnitudes (and similar importance). Strong correlations were observed between gs, vapor pressure deficit and particularly, leaf hydraulic conductance (KL), indicating that KL might act as the primary factor in the reduction of gs. Notably, although Typica plants display a photosynthetic capacity similar to that of other cultivars, a major constraint on the maximization of photosynthetic rates may be the result of a less robust hydraulic architecture, which might at least partially explain the low productivity of this cultivar when grown in full sun.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológic

Vegetative and fruit characteristics of papaya trees obtained by mass selection

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo monitorar características vegetativas e dos frutos de mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.), obtidos por seleção massal de plantas da cv. Golden, nos primeiros meses de produção. As amostragens foram realizadas em uma lavoura comercial aos 0, 20, 40, 70, 130, 180, 230, 260, 280, 310 e 340 dias após o plantio (DAP) e os primeiros frutos foram colhidos 230 DAP. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram baixa altura das plantas (199 cm em 340 DAP) e baixa altura da primeira floração (71 cm), aspectos que facilitam a colheita. As plantas apresentaram boa produtividade, com elevado número de folhas (ampla área de recobrimento dos frutos) e cerca de 60 frutos por planta. Os frutos mantiveram características semelhantes aos da cv. Golden. A massa fresca dos frutos variou de 302,4 a 467,5g, encontrando-se dentro da faixa recomendada para comércio interno. A média da espessura da polpa foi de 2,3 cm, atributo de grande interesse econômico. A firmeza da polpa mostrou uma estreita relação com os fatores climáticos, onde grandes variações de temperatura e pluviosidade aceleraram a perda de firmeza.The present work had as purpose to evaluate some characteristics of papaya trees (Carica papaya L.), Golden cultivar, obtained trough plant mass selection, regarding plant and fruit quality in the first months of production. The samples were evaluated in a commercial crop at: 0, 20, 40, 70, 130, 180, 230, 260, 280, 310 and 340 days after the planting (DAP) and the first fruits were harvested at 230 DAP. The results showed the low height (199cm in 340 DAP) and low first flowering’s heigth (71cm), which is important to facilitate the harvest process. The plants presented good yield with high number of leafs (allowing a great area of fruit cover) and about 60 fruits per plant. The fruits kept similar features to cv. Golden. The fruit’s fresh weight ranged from 302.4 to 467.5g, which is in the range of the Brazilian market. The pulp thickness was 2.35cm, which is a feature of great economic interest. The pulp thickness showed close relation with climatic factors, and great variations of temperature and precipitation accelerated the pulp loss of thickness

Vegetative and fruit characteristics of papaya trees obtained by mass selection

The present work had as purpose to evaluate some characteristics of papaya trees (Carica papaya L.), Golden cultivar, obtained trough plant mass selection, regarding plant and fruit quality in the first months of production. The samples were evaluated in a commercial crop at: 0, 20, 40, 70, 130, 180, 230, 260, 280, 310 and 340 days after the planting (DAP) and the first fruits were harvested at 230 DAP. The results showed the low height (199cm in 340 DAP) and low first flowering`s heigth (71cm), which is important to facilitate the harvest process. The plants presented good yield with high number of leafs (allowing a great area of fruit cover) and about 60 fruits per plant. The fruits kept similar features to cv. Golden. The fruit`s fresh weight ranged from 302.4 to 467.5g, which is in the range of the Brazilian market. The pulp thickness was 2.35cm, which is a feature of great economic interest. The pulp thickness showed close relation with climatic factors, and great variations of temperature and precipitation accelerated the pulp loss of thickness

Anatomical and physiological responses of Aechmea blanchetiana (Bromeliaceae) induced by silicon and sodium chloride stress during in vitro culture

Salt stress is one of the most severe abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development. The application of silicon (Si) is an alternative that can increase the tolerance of plants to various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective was to evaluate salt stress’s effect in vitro and Si’s mitigation potential on Aechmea blanchetiana plants. For this purpose, plants already established in vitro were transferred to a culture medium with 0 or 14 µM of Si (CaSiO3). After growth for 30 days, a stationary liquid medium containing different concentrations of NaCl (0, 100, 200, or 300 µM) was added to the flasks. Anatomical and physiological analyses were performed after growth for 45 days. The plants cultivated with excess NaCl presented reduced root diameter and effective photochemical quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII) (ΦPSII) and increased non-photochemical dissipation of fluorescence (qN). Plants that grew with the presence of Si also had greater content of photosynthetic pigments and activity of the enzymes of the antioxidant system, as well as higher values of maximum quantum yield of PSII (FV/FM), photochemical dissipation coefficient of fluorescence (qP) and fresh weight bioaccumulation of roots and shoots. The anatomical, physiological and biochemical responses, and growth induced by Si mitigated the effect of salt stress on the A. blanchetiana plants cultivated in vitro, which can be partly explained by the tolerance of this species to grow in sandbank (Restinga) areas

Risk factors for oral candidiasis in Brazilian HIV-infected adult patients

Aim: The goals of this study were: 1) to estimate the prevalence of oral candidiasis (OC) in a sample of Brazilian HIV-infected adult patients, and 2) to investigate the risk factors for HIVassociated OC in this sample. Methods: This case-control study included 112 HIV-infected patients treated between 2002 and 2004 at a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Data were collected from medical records and clinical examinations. Diagnosis of OC was performed in accordance with the International Classification System and cytological features. Seventeen clinical and laboratorial variables were registered. Univariate analyses were performed on all variables. Multiple logistic regression techniques were used to develop a model and identify the set of variables that may predict risk factors in HIV-infected adult patients with OC. Results: Prevalence of OC was 31.3%. OC was associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) [p<0.001; odds ratio (OR) = 10.2 (95%CI: 4.0-26.0)], previous use of fluconazole [p<0.001; OR=27.4 (95%CI: 8.1-92.0)] and viral load [p=0.042; OR=2.3 (95%CI: 1.0-5.3)]. Conclusions: These results are important for the development of strategies to eliminate these risk factors and significantly reduce OC in HIV-infected patients

Risk factors for oral candidiasis in Brazilian HIV-infected adult patients

e goals of this study were: 1) to estimate the prevalence of oral candidiasis (OC) in a sample of Brazilian HIV-infected adult patients, and 2) to investigate the risk factors for HIVassociated OC in this sample. Methods: This case-control study included 112 HIV-infected patients treated between 2002 and 2004 at a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. Data were collected from medical records and clinical examinations. Diagnosis of OC was performed in accordance with the International Classification System and cytological features. Seventeen clinical and laboratorial variables were registered. Univariate analyses were performed on all variables. Multiple logistic regression techniques were used to develop a model and identify the set of variables that may predict risk factors in HIV-infected adult patients with OC. Results: Prevalence of OC was 31.3%. OC was associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) [p<0.001; odds ratio (OR) = 10.2 (95%CI: 4.0-26.0)], previous use of fluconazole [p<0.001; OR=27.4 (95%CI: 8.1-92.0)] and viral load [p=0.042; OR=2.3 (95%CI: 1.0-5.3)]. Conclusions: These results are important for the development of strategies to eliminate these risk factors and significantly reduce OC in HIV-infected patients