Glicerina e óleos funcionais em dietas de bovinos em confinamento sobre o desempenho e comportamento animal

This work was carried out to evaluate the partial replacement of corn (15% of drymatter in the total diet) for the co-product of biodiesel processing (glycerin) and the addition of cashew and castor functional oils on animal performance, feed intake, total apparent digestibility and ingestive behavior of Nellore bulls in feedlot. Thirty bulls with 24 ± 2 months old and 400 ± 34 kg live weight were used. The experiment lasted63 days, and was divided into three periods of 21 days. The bulls were distributed in completely randomized design with 10 animals per treatment kept in pens of 200 m2 of useful area. The experimental diets were: Control - CON; Glycerin - GLY and Glycerin+ functional oils - GFO. The partial substitution of corn for glycerin and the addition of functional oils to the diets did not affect animal performance, feed conversion of dry matter intake and food intake except for ether extract which was higher for the animals fed the control diet. There was no difference among the purified, isolated and enriched lignin (LIPE®) markers, indigestible dry matter (iDM) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) in relation to apparent digestibility of dry matter and other nutrients. The partial substitution of corn for glycerin did not affect the total apparent digestibility of crude protein and ether extract, however it generated an increase in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and total digestible nutrients and a reduction in the digestibility of fibrous and non-fiber components of the diets. The scales of observation did not influence the determination of the time spent eating, ruminating and idling and the total number of chews, however the number of periods and the time period for such activities differed among the scales. There was no difference among the number of observation shifts. The addition of glycerin to diets caused a decrease in the ruminating time and an increase in the idling time of the animals. The number of feeding period and idle differed among diets, being higher for the animals fed with diets with partial replacement of corn by glycerin, on the other hand the inclusion of glycerin in the diet reduced the feeding period and idle time of bulls. The inclusion of glycerin and functional oils to the diets generated a similar response to animals in the control diet for the number of ruminated bolus per day, number of chews per day and total chewing time of bulls, being superior to the animals fed with diets containing glycerin and functional oils.Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a substituição parcial do milho (15% da matéria seca da dieta total) pelo co-produto do processamento do biodíesel (glicerina) e a adição de óleos funcionais de caju e de mamona sobre o desempenho animal, ingestão de alimentos, digestibilidade aparente total e comportamento ingestivo em bovinos Nelore em confinamento. Foram utilizados 30bovinos, não castrados, com 24 ± 2 meses de idade, pesando em média 400 ± 34 kg. O período experimental foi de 63 dias, dividido em três períodos de 21 dias.Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado (10 animais por tratamento) e alojados em baias coletivas, contendo 200 m2 de área útil. As dietas experimentais foram: Controle - CON; Glicerina - GLI e Glicerina + óleos funcionais -GOF. A substituição parcial do milho pela glicerina e a adição de óleos funcionais às dietas não influenciaram o desempenho animal, conversão alimentar da matéria seca e ingestão de alimentos, exceto para a ingestão do extrato etéreo que foi superior para os animais alimentados com a dieta controle. Não houve diferença entre os indicadores ignina purificada, isolada e enriquecida (LIPE®), matéria seca indigestível (MSi) e fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) para a digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e dos demais nutrientes. A substituição parcial do milho pela glicerina não teve efeito sobre a digestibilidade aparente total da proteína bruta e do extrato etéreo,todavia gerou um aumento da digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e dos nutrientes digestíveis totais e uma redução da digestibilidade dos componentes fibrosos e não fibrosos das dietas.As escalas de observação não influenciaram a determinação dos tempos de alimentação, ruminação, ócio e o tempo de mastigação total; porém o número de períodos e o tempo por períodos para tais atividades diferiram entre as escalas. Não houve diferença entre o número de turnos de observações. A inclusão de glicerina às dietas causou uma diminuição no tempo de ruminação e um aumento no tempo de ócio dos animais. O número de período de alimentação e de ócio diferiu entre as dietas, sendo superior para os animais das dietas com substituição parcial do milho pela glicerina. Por outro lado, a inclusão de glicerina às dietas reduziu o tempo por período de alimentação e de ócio dos bovinos. A inclusão de glicerina e óleos funcionais ás dietas gerou uma resposta semelhante aos animais da dieta controle para o número de bolos ruminados por dia, número de mastigações por dia e tempo de mastigação total dos bovinos, sendo superior aos animais da dieta com inclusão de glicerina.xvi, 64

Feeding Canola, Camelina, and Carinata Meals to Ruminants

Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In this context, oilseeds from the mustard family such as rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris), camelina (Camelina sativa), and carinata (Brassica carinata) have arisen as possible alternative protein supplements for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize results from studies in which canola meal (CM), camelina meal (CMM), and carinata meal (CRM) were fed to ruminants. This review was based on published peer-reviewed articles that were obtained based on key words that included the oilseed plant in question and words such as “ruminal fermentation and metabolism, animal performance, growth, and digestion”. Byproducts from oil and biofuel industries such as CM, CMM, and CRM have been evaluated as alternative protein supplements to ruminants in the past two decades. Among the three plants reviewed herein, CM has been the most studied and results have shown an overall improvement in nitrogen utilization when animals were fed CM. Camelina meal has a comparable amino acids (AA) profile and crude protein (CP) concentration to CM. It has been reported that by replacing other protein supplements with CMM in ruminant diets, similar milk and protein yields, and average daily gain have been observed. Carinata meal has protein digestibility similar to SBM and its CP is highly degraded in the rumen. Overall, we can conclude that CM is at least as good as SBM as a protein supplement; and although studies evaluating the use of CMN and CRM for ruminants are scarce, it has been demonstrated that both oilseeds may be valuable feedstuff for livestock animals. Despite the presence of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, no negative effect on animal performance was observed when feeding CM up to 20% and feeding CMN and CRM up to 10% of the total diet

Glycerin and essential oils in the diet of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot: animal performance and apparent digestibility

Current research studied the effect of partial replacing corn by glycerin and essential oils addition in the diet of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot. Thirty bulls with average weight 400 ± 34.1 kg were housed in collective pens (10 x 20 m²) for 63 days. The bulls were randomly assigned to 3 diets (10 bulls per treatment): CON - Control (without glycerin or Essential® oils); GLY - Glycerin (15% on dry matter - DM); and GEO - Glycerin (15% on DM) and Essential® oils (3 g animal day-1). Three different markers were used to estimate apparent digestibility in the diets: indigestible dry matter - iDM; indigestible neutral detergent fiber - iNDF; and purified lignin - LIPE®. Feed efficiency and animal performance were not affected by the corn partial replacing by glycerin. Partial corn replacing by glycerin and Essential® oils addition in the diets increased the DM and organic matter apparent digestibility for bulls. The glycerin addition in the diet decreased NDF, fibrous carbohydrate and non-fibrous carbohydrate digestibility. Apparent digestibility estimated by markers iDM, iNDF and LIPE® were similar to all nutrients in the diet

Does partial replacement of corn with glycerin in beef cattle diets affect in vitro ruminal fermentation, gas production kinetic, and enteric greenhouse gas emissions?

Five in vitro experiments were conducted with the following objectives: 1) To evaluate the ruminal fermentation of three different single ingredients: corn, glycerin, and starch (Exp. 1 and 2); 2) To assess effects of partially replacing corn with glycerin in beef cattle diets on ruminal fermentation pattern (Exp. 3 and 4); and 3) To evaluate the effects of glycerin inclusion on the extension of ruminal DM digestibility of feeds with high (orchard hay) and low (corn) fiber content (Exp. 5). For Exp. 1 and 2, two in vitro systems (24-bottle AnkomRF and 20-serum bottles) were used in four consecutive fermentation batches to evaluate gas production (GP), fermentation profiles, enteric methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) of corn, glycerin, and starch. The 24 h total GP, acetate concentration, and acetate: propionate ratio decreased only when glycerin was added to the diet (P 0.05). The inclusion of glycerin linearly decreased acetate concentration (P = 0.03) and acetate: propionate ratio (P = 0.04). For Exp. 5, two DaisyII incubators were used to evaluate the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the following treatments: orchard hay; corn; orchard hay + glycerin; and corn + glycerin. Glycerin inclusion decreased orchard hay IVDMD (P 0.05). We concluded that, under these experimental conditions, glycerin has similar energy efficiency when used in replacement of corn and included at up to 300 g/kg in beef cattle diets

Nutritional evaluation and ruminal fermentation patterns of kochia compared with alfalfa and orchardgrass hays and ephedra and cheatgrass compared with orchardgrass hay as alternative arid-land forages for beef cattle in two dual-flow continuous culture system experiments

The objective was to evaluate the ruminal fermentation patterns of forage kochia (FK) compared with alfalfa hay (AH) and orchardgrass hay (OH) (Exp. 1), and ephedra (EPH) and immature cheatgrass (CG) compared with OH (Exp. 2), using a dual-flow continuous culture system. Two in vitro experiments were conducted, and in each experiment, treatments were randomly assigned to six dual-flow fermenters (1,223 ± 21 mL) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design, with three consecutive periods of 10 d each, consisting of 7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Each fermenter was fed a total of 72 g/d (DM basis) and treatments were as follows: Exp. 1: 1) 100% OH, 2) 100% AH, and 3) 100% dried FK. Exp. 2: 1) 100% OH, 2) 100% dried CG, and 3) 100% dried EPH. On day 8, 9, and 10, samples of solid and liquid effluent from each fermenter were taken for digestibility anlysis, and subsamples were collected for NH 3 -N, VFA, and bacterial N determinations. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. In Exp. 1, treatments did not affect DM, OM, and NDF digestibilities, total VFA and molar proportions of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and branched-chain VFA. True CP digestibility, ruminal NH 3 -N concentration, and total N, NH 3 - N, NAN, and dietary N flows (g/d) were greater (P < 0.05) for FK compared with the other for- ages. However, treatments did not affect bacterial efficiency. In Exp. 2, DM, OM, and CP digestibilities were greater (P = 0.01) for EPH, and NDF digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) for EPH and CG compared with OH. Ephedra had the highest (P < 0.05) pH and acetate:propionate ratio and the lowest (P < 0.05) total VFA concentration. Total VFA, ruminal NH 3 -N concentration, and NH 3 -N flow (g/d) were highest (P < 0.05) for CG. Total N flow and bacterial efficiency were highest (P < 0.05) for OH and CG, while the flows (g/d) of NAN, bacterial N, and dietary N were greater (P < 0.05) for OH compared with the other for- ages. Results indicate that when compared with AH and OH (Exp. 1), FK has similar ruminal fer- mentation patterns and may be an adequate alternative for beef cattle producers. Furthermore, when compared with OH (Exp. 2), immature CG vmay also be an adequate forage alternative. This is especially important for areas in which conventional forages may not grow well such as the U.S. arid-land. However, EPH should not be used as the sole forage due to its poor ruminal fermentation as evidenced by the lowest total VFA concentration and propionate molar proportion

Effects of different ingredients on total gas production (GP), metabolizable energy (ME), and enteric methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production in GP systems.

<p>Effects of different ingredients on total gas production (GP), metabolizable energy (ME), and enteric methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production in GP systems.</p

Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets and feeds.

<p>Ingredients and chemical composition of experimental diets and feeds.</p

Effects of different ingredients on in vitro gas production and kinetic variables¹ of gas production in Exp. 1.

<p>^a,b,cMeans with different superscripts are different (P < 0.05). ¹V1 and V2 = Maximum gas volume of each pool, mL; C1 and C2 = Specific rate of digestion of each pool, h-1; Lt = lag time, h.</p

Effects of glycerin inclusion on in vitro gas production and kinetic variables¹ of gas production in Exp. 3.

<p>^a,b,c,dMeans with different superscripts are different (P < 0.05). ¹V1 and V2 = Maximum gas volume of each pool, mL; C1 and C2 = Specific rate of digestion of each pool, h-1; Lt = lag time, h.</p

Effects of dietary glycerin inclusion on total gas production (GP), and enteric methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production in GP systems.

<p>Effects of dietary glycerin inclusion on total gas production (GP), and enteric methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) production in GP systems.</p