How is Mechanical Ventilation Employed in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Brazil?

OBJECTIVE: to investigate the relationship between mechanical ventilation and mortality and the practice of mechanical ventilation applied in children admitted to a high-complexity pediatric intensive care unit in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of all consecutive patients admitted to a Brazilian high-complexity PICU who were placed on mechanical ventilation for 24 hours or more, between October 1st, 2005 and March 31st, 2006. RESULTS: Of the 241 patients admitted, 86 (35.7%) received mechanical ventilation for 24 hours or more. Of these, 49 met inclusion criteria and were thus eligible to participate in the study. Of the 49 patients studied, 45 had chronic functional status. The median age of participants was 32 months and the median length of mechanical ventilation use was 6.5 days. The major indication for mechanical ventilation was acute respiratory failure, usually associated with severe sepsis / septic shock. Pressure ventilation modes were the standard ones. An overall 10.37% incidence of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome was found, in addition to tidal volumes > 8 ml/kg, as well as normo- or hypocapnia. A total of 17 children died. Risk factors for mortality within 28 days of admission were initial inspiratory pressure, pH, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, oxygenation index and also oxygenation index at 48 hours of mechanical ventilation. Initial inspiratory pressure was also a predictor of mechanical ventilation for periods longer than 7 days. CONCLUSION: Of the admitted children, 35.7% received mechanical ventilation for 24 h or more. Pressure ventilation modes were standard. Of the children studied, 91% had chronic functional status. There was a high incidence of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, but a lung-protective strategy was not fully implemented. Inspiratory pressure at the beginning of mechanical ventilation was a predictor of mortality within 28 days and of a longer course of mechanical ventilation

Cytokine Kinetics in Febrile Neutropenic Children: Insights on the Usefulness as Sepsis Biomarkers, Influence of Filgrastim, and Behavior of the IL-23/IL-17 Pathway

Background. The study aimed to describe the kinetics of various cytokines from day 1 to day 14 of the onset of fever in neutropenic children and to evaluate their performances as discriminators of sepsis in the first 24 hours of fever, the possible influence of filgrastim, and the functioning of the IL-23/IL-17 axis. Methods. IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-12/23p40, IL-21, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, G-CSF, and GM-CSF were measured in plasma on days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 14 from the onset of fever in 35 patients. Results. Thirteen patients (37.1%) developed sepsis. In mixed models, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and G-CSF showed higher estimated means in septic patients (P < 0 005), and IL-12/23p40 and IL-17 in nonseptic patients (P < 0 05). On day 1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 appeared upregulated in patients who received filgrastim. Only IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and procalcitonin were useful as discriminators of sepsis. Associating the markers with each other or to a risk assessment model improved performance. Conclusions. Cytokines kinetics showed proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses similar to what is described in nonneutropenic patients. IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, and procalcitonin are useful as early biomarkers of sepsis. Filgrastim upregulates expression of these markers, and we observed deficiency in the IL-23-IL-17 axis accompanying sepsis.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)GRAACC/Instituto de Oncologia PediatricaSao Paulo Fed Univ UNIFESP, Grp Apoio Adolescente & Crianca Canc GRAACC, IOP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 572, BR-04039001 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilSao Paulo Fed Univ UNIFESP, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, Escola Paulista Med, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669,10th Floor, BR-04039001 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilSao Paulo Fed Univ UNIFESP, Grp Apoio Adolescente & Crianca Canc GRAACC, IOP, Rua Pedro de Toledo 572, BR-04039001 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilSao Paulo Fed Univ UNIFESP, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, Escola Paulista Med, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669,10th Floor, BR-04039001 Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 2011/20401-4Web of Scienc

I Diretriz brasileira de cardio-oncologia pediátrica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia

Sociedade Brasileira de Oncologia PediátricaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica GRAACCUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Instituto do Coração do Hospital das ClínicasUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Hospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreInstituto Materno-Infantil de PernambucoHospital de Base de BrasíliaUniversidade de Pernambuco Hospital Universitário Oswaldo CruzHospital A.C. CamargoHospital do CoraçãoSociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia Departamento de Cardiopatias Congênitas e Cardiologia PediátricaInstituto Nacional de CâncerHospital Pequeno PríncipeSanta Casa de Misericórdia de São PauloInstituto do Câncer do Estado de São PauloUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PatologiaHospital Infantil Joana de GusmãoUNIFESP, Instituto de Oncologia Pediátrica GRAACCUNIFESP, Depto. de PatologiaSciEL

Evaluation of mechanical ventilation used in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and its risk factors: searching for a better ventilatory practice

Apesar da necessidade de ventilação pulmonar mecânica (VPM) ser uma das principais indicações de internação em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP), há poucos estudos epidemiológicos sobre VPM em crianças, nenhum no Brasil. Fazse necessário descrever quais os modos ventilatórios utilizados em nosso meio, para estabelecer qual nosso padrão de cuidado. Dos 241 pacientes admitidos na UTIP do Instituto da Criança entre 01/10/2005 e 31/03/2006, 35,7% foram submetidos à VPM por mais de 24 horas (n=86). Trinta e sete foram excluídos da análise. Analisaram-se dados de 49 pacientes. A principal indicação de VPM foi insuficiência respiratória aguda. O modo ventilatório de escolha foi à pressão (n=48). A estratégia de ventilação protetora foi subutilizada. São analisados ainda fatores de risco para mortalidade e tempo de VPM.Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a major admission criteria to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Despite of that, there is just a few epidemiologic studies about it in children, and none in Brazil. It´s necessary to describe which ventilatory modes are employed in our daily practice, in order to establish our standard of care. 86 out of 241 patients, admitted to Instituto da Criança PICU from 10/01/2005 to 03/31/2006, were submitted to MV for 24 hours or more. Thirty seven met exclusion criteria. Data from 49 patients were analyzed. Major indication to MV was acute respiratory failure. Pressure ventilatory modes were used. Protective lung ventilation was underused. Analyses of risk factors for mortality and days of MV were also performed

Adverse drug events in pediatric intensive care unit

Objetivos: descrever incidência de eventos adversos medicamentosos em crianças sob terapia intensiva, avaliar fatores de riscos e métodos de detecção. Métodos: busca ativa em registros eletrônicos e em papel, utilizando parâmetros indicativos (gatilhos). A estatística envolveu modelos de regressão linear e logística. Resultados: Foram estudados 239 pacientes, com média de idade de 67,5 meses, em 1818 dias de internação. A média de internação foi de 7,6 dias. Houve 110 eventos adversos medicamentosos provados, prováveis e possíveis, em 84 pacientes (35,1%). Observamos 138 ocorrências de gatilhos. As principais classes de medicamentos envolvidas foram: antibióticos (n = 41), diuréticos (n = 24), anticonvulsivantes (n = 23), sedativos e analgésicos (n = 17) e corticóides (n = 18). O número de drogas foi a variável mais relacionada à ocorrência de EAM. Esta última também se correlacionou com o tempo de internação (P < 0,001). A ocorrência do evento pode estar implicada no aumento de 1,5 dia de internação para cada evento. A idade inferior a 48 meses mostrou ser um risco significativo para eventos, com OR de 1,84 (intervalo de confiança IC 95% - 1,07 - 3,15, P = 0,025). O número de drogas recebidas apresentou correlação com o número de eventos (P < 0,0001). A chance de apresentar pelo menos 1 evento elevou-se linearmente à medida que o paciente recebia mais drogas. Conclusões: o uso de múltiplas drogas e a baixa idade favorecem a ocorrência de EAM, que, por sua vez, podem estar implicados no aumento do tempo de internação em UTI. A busca ativa sistematiza a abordagem do problemaObjectives: To describe incidence of adverse drug events (ADE) in children under intensive care, to avaliate risk factors and detection methods. Methods: Active search of charts and electronic patient records using indicative parameters (\"triggers\"). The statistical analysis involved linear and logistic regression. Results: 239 patients with a mean age of 67.5 months representing 1818 days of PICU hospitalization were studied. The average PICU stay was 7.6 days. There were 110 proven, probable, and possible ADEs in 84 patients (35.1%). We observed 138 instances of triggers. The major classes of drugs associated with events were: antibiotics (n = 41), diuretics (n = 24), antiseizures (n = 23), sedatives and analgesics (n = 17), and steroids (n = 18). The number of drugs administered was most related to the occurrence of ADEs. This was also related to the length of stay (p < 0.001). The occurrence of an ADE may result in an increase in the length of stay by 1.5 days per event. Patient aged less than 48 months also proved to be at significant risk for ADEs, with an odds ratio of 1.84 (confidence interval - 95% CI - 1.07 to 3.15, p = 0.025). The number of drugs administered also correlated with the number of ADEs (p < 0.0001). The chance of having at least one ADE increased linearly as the patient was administered more drugs. Conclusions: The use of multiple drugs as well as lower patient age favor the occurrence of ADEs, which in turn may result in increasing the length of PICU hospitalization. Our active search provides a systematic approach to the proble

Ventilação não invasiva em pediatria

OBJETIVO: Apresentar a ventilação mecânica não invasiva em pediatria como uma alternativa à ventilação invasiva, mostrar suas vantagens e desvantagens, quando se encontra indicada e como instalá-la. FONTES DOS DADOS: Revisão bibliográfica através do PubMed/Medline, utilizando como fontes de pesquisa aqueles artigos de ventilação não invasiva na população pediátrica, além de artigos de consenso e meta-análise de ventilação não invasiva em adultos (por sua falta na população pediátrica). SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: A maior indicação da ventilação mecânica não invasiva é na insuficiência respiratória hipercápnica, estando contra-indicada na instabilidade hemodinâmica. Tem como vantagens: facilidade de instalação, não invasividade, diminuição do desconforto, redução da incidência das complicações associadas ao uso do tubo endotraqueal e menor custo. Desvantagens: distensão gástrica, hipoxemia transitória, necrose de pele facial. Sua instalação requer uma interface (máscara) e um respirador. São revistos os tipos de ventiladores e modos ventilatórios, e orienta-se sua instalação, monitorização e parâmetros iniciais. A retirada da ventilação mecânica não invasiva é mais simples, mas pacientes crônicos podem necessitar assistência domiciliar. CONCLUSÕES: A ventilação mecânica não invasiva pode ser uma alternativa mais barata, eficaz e de simples execução nos casos de insuficiência respiratória sem descompensação hemodinâmica

Red blood cell transfusion practice in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit

Objectives: To describe a population of children that received red blood cell transfusions. Methods: A retrospective observational study carried out at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of the Instituto da Criança of Hospital das Clínicas of Faculdade de Medicina of Universidade de São Paulo in 2004, with children that received red blood cell transfusions. Results: Transfusion of red blood cells was performed in 50% of the patients hospitalized. Median age was 18 months, and the primary motive for admission was respiratory insufficiency (35%). Underlying disease was present in 84% of the cases and multiple organ and system dysfunction in 46.2%. The median value of pretransfusion hemoglobin concentration was 7.8 g/dL. Transfused patients were undergoing some form of therapeutic procedure in 82% of the cases. Conclusions: Red blood cell transfusions are performed at all ages. Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit rate are the primary data used to indicate these transfusions. The values of arterial serum lactate and SvO2 were seldom used. Most patients transfused were submitted to some form of therapeutic procedure, and in many cases, transfusions were carried out in patients with multiple organ and system dysfunctions