Aging influence on roughness and color stability of encapsulated glass ionomer cements

Objetivo: Analisar efeitos de diferentes envelhecimentos sobre a rugosidade e a cor de cimentos de ionômero de vidro (CIV) encapsulados. Materiais e métodos: Foram testados dois cimentos de ionômero de vidro [convencional/ Self Cure (SC) e resino modificado/Light Cure (LC)] e envelhecimentos [(baseline, pós-ciclagem térmica e pós- -ciclagem térmica + armazenamento por sete meses)]. 52 discos (n = 13) foram confeccionados. A cor foi avaliada por dois espectrofotômetros (VITA Easyshade e Konica Minolta CE3700A), e a rugosidade pelo perfilômetro óptico (Proscan 2100, Scantron). Resultados: ANOVA dois fatores e teste de Tukey (p < 0,05) foram realizados. Os CIVs apresentaram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre si (p < 0,05) para rugosidade (SC = 0,202 μm e LC = 0,241), os envelhecimentos alteraram significativamente a rugosidade baseline = 0,278 μm, ciclado = 0,220 μm e ciclado-armazenado = 0,167 μm, e para cor (SC ΔE = 3,89 e o LC ΔE = 4,94). Para ΔL*, Δa*, Δb* houve diferença na interação dos fatores, com maior alteração do ΔL* para o CIV LC após ciclagem + armazenagem. Para Δa* houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p < 0,05) entre os envelhecimentos, sendo maior para o grupo CIV LC após ciclagem. Maior alteração Δb* foi observada para o CIV LC após ciclagem + armazenagem. Conclusões: Os diferentes CIVs possuem rugosidade superficial e cor diferentes. O CIV LC mostrou-se mais rugoso quando comparado ao SC, porém ambos se tornaram menos rugosos com o passar do tempo. O protocolo de envelhecimento que mais interfere na rugosidade e na cor de diferentes tipos de CIV é a ciclagem térmica seguida de armazenamento.Objective: To analyze effects of differents agings on the roughness and color of different encapsulated glass ionomer cements (GIC). Materials and methods: Two glass ionomer cements (Conventional/Self Cure (SC) and modified resin/Light Cure (LC)) and three aging (baseline, post-thermal cycling and post-thermal cycling + storage for 7 months). Fifty-two discs (n = 13) were made. The color stability was performed with spectrophotometers (VITA Easyshade and Konica Minolta CE3700A), and the roughness test with optical profilometer (Proscan 2100, Scantron). Results: The data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). The GICs presented statistically significancy when compared (p < 0.05), for roughness (SC = 0,202μm e LC = 0,241), the aging protocols tested promoted a significant change in surface roughness baseline = 0,278μm, post-cycling = 0,220μm and storage = 0,167μm and for the color (SC ΔE = 3,89 and LC ΔE = 4,94). However, the interaction between the factors was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). For ΔL*, Δa*, Δb*, there was a difference in the interaction of the factors, with a greater change in ΔL* for the GIC LC post-thermal cycling + storage). For Δa* there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between aging, being the higher alteration for the GIC LC group post-thermal cycling. Greater change in the b* coordinate was observed for the GIC LC post-thermal cycling + storage. Conclusions: The different GICs presented different surface roughness and color. The resin-modified GIC LC showed to be rougher when compared to the conventional GIC SC. However, both GICs became less rough over time. The post-thermal cycling + storage for 7 months was the aging protocol that most interfered in the roughness and color of different types of GICs

Citral and eugenol modulate DNA damage and pro-inflammatory mediator genes in murine peritoneal macrophages

Citral and eugenol have been broadly studied because of their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiparasitic potentials. In this study, the effects of citral (25, 50 and 100 mu g/mL) and eugenol (0.31, 0.62, 1.24 and 2.48 mu g/mL) on the expression (RT-PCR) of the pro-inflammatory mediator genes NF-kappa B1, COX-2 and TNF-alpha were evaluated in mouse peritoneal macrophages with or without activation by a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, the genotoxic potentials of two compounds and their capacities to modulate the DNA damage induced by doxorubicin (DXR) were investigated using the comet assay. The data revealed that neither citral nor eugenol changed COX-2, NF-kappa B1 or TNF-alpha expression in resting macrophages. However, in LPS-activated cells, citral induced the hypoexpression of COX-2 (100 mu g/mL) and TNF-a (50 and 100 mu g/mL). Hypoexpression of TNF-alpha was also detected after cellular exposure to eugenol at the highest concentration (2.48 mu g/mL). Both compounds exhibited genotoxic potential (citral at 50 and 100 mu g/mL and eugenol at all concentrations) but also showed chemopreventive effects, in various treatment protocols. Both citral and eugenol might modulate inflammatory processes and DXR-induced DNA damage, but the use of these compounds must be viewed with caution because they are also able to induce primary DNA lesions.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP