Características morfológicas y genéticas permiten la identificación de cultivares de ajo en las regiones Norte y Central de México

"The objective of this study was to compare the yield and genetic relationships between two Perla garlic selections, obtained by individual selection of cloves, and commercial varieties and cultivars adapted to diverse regions of Mexico (which did not have a selection process). Varieties with fewer cloves showed higher yields. Coreano and California produced 20 ton/ha (fresh weight) and Perla selections between 17-1.9 ton/ha (fresh weight). Six primers of the series OPB were tested for frenetic characterization and OPB-17 was selected. With the. amplified DIVA fragments, a binary matrix was generated; afterwards, a dissimilarity matrix and dendrogram were developed. High genetic diversity was found among all varieties, which were separated into two groups through differential analysis. Varieties of smaller yield were included in one group. The other group was constituted by the best production varieties with fewer cloves per plant (Perla, California, Coreano and Chino). Dissimilarity was found among Perla varieties. The selection method used to obtain plants with better yield characteristics can be applied to the genetic improvements of garlic.

Chlorophyll fluorescence emission of tomato plants as a response to pulsed light based LEDs

The effects of pulsed light based-LEDs at eleven frequencies (0.1, 1, 10, 50, 100, 500 Hz, 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 kHz) programmed at 50 % duty cycle were analyzed, obtaining important parameters of the fluorescence emission of chlorophyll such as: maximum fluorescence (Fm0), minimum fluorescence, the fluorescence emission in steady state, maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv0/Fm0), the fraction of PSII centers that are open, photochemical quenching, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), quantum efficiency of photosystem II (UPSII), electron transport rate (ETR) and quantum yield of CO2 assimilation (/CO2). For the study and validation of the results obtained in the experiments, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied 0for each parameter with confidence intervals of 95 %. The results show that the frequencies of pulsed light had positive and negative effects on the fluorescence parameters with respect to the control treatment (continuous light). The frequencies that generated the best performance of Fv0/Fm0, NPQ, UPSII, ETR, /CO2 in tomato plants were 0.1, 1, 100 Hz, and 1 kHz. The increase obtained in these parameters can represent an optimal growth and productivity conditions for optimal energy consumption

Aprendizaje en línea durante COVID-19 con estudiantes de ingeniería de zonas rurales marginadas en México

COVID-19 has affected education worldwide, in Mexico. In this study, the impact of the extraordinary online modality because of the pandemic on the accreditation of courses for engineering students was evaluated, of the 64 students officially registered in three courses of microbiology, only 90% registered on the Moodle platform to take the online course, 71% of the dynamics were delivered, 67% of the final project and 80% of the delivery of the team's activities were not reached, there was an approval of 54%. Some problems were that videoconferences were not attended and assignments were not turned in

Characterization and in vitro spread of mesquite (Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) M.C.Johnst.)

Objective: To analyze fruit characteristics, genetic diversity, and in vitro spread of mesquite genotypes (Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl.) ex Willd.) from the plains of Ojuelos-Aguascalientes, Mexico. Design/Methodology/Approach: Fruit and leaf samples were collected from 20 mesquite genotypes to analyze and extract DNA to determine their diversity using RAPDs. Simultaneously, in vitro spread tests were performed. Results: The Ojuelos de Jalisco genotype stood out for the weight of its fruits, while La Presa genotype stood out for its degrees Brix. Genotypes were grouped according to their best growth condition for their genetic analysis. In in vitro spread, AG3 with IBA allowed stem/shoot elongation and root formation; meanwhile, AgNO3 prevents leaf fall, allowing rooting and transfer to the soil. Study Implications/Limitations: This study about mesquite (P. laevigata) was limited to the plains of Ojuelos-Aguascalientes. Findings/Conclusions: Mesquite plants from the Ojuelos-Aguascalientes subregion, Mexico, were identified and georeferenced; likewise, a methodology for its in vitro spread was developed

Yield and oil content of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) accessions grown with fertigation in a semiarid zone

Objective: To evaluate seed, dry matter, and oil content yield in five accessions of castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.) in the Altiplano Potosino Zacatecano high plateau region of Mexico, grown with a fertigation system on a mixture of sand, tezontle, and compost, with three fertilization levels.Design/Methodology/Approach: The following accessions showed an outstandingly favorable response to fertilization: ZACS2C1 (Orito Zac) which had the greater seed yield (735 g) and oil content (50.30 ± 5.23); and SLPS11C1 which had the greater weight per100 seeds (56.77 ±2.35) and dry matter (1600 g).Results: The best fertilization level for the abovementioned accessions was obtained with the low nutrient solution,Limitations/Implications of the study: while other accessions showed a variable and inverse response to the fertilization level. Results/Conclusions: To make the most of the castor oil plant, oil or fodder accessions can be selected or both accessions can be sown under an intercropping system

“San Marqueño”: una nueva variedad de ajo blanco

The “San Marqueño” garlic variety wasdeveloped by individual selection of the clone C-37-1/8; this variety is the Pearl type with 210 days from sowing to harvest, established in October. The bulb is of oval form, white pearl colored, with a regular tooth arrangement with an average of 14 cloves per bulb. The leaves are erect and of a grayish green color. This clone was selected for its high productivity and bulb quality, characters that are of great relevance in the national and export market. It was typified genetically by DNA extraction, this appeared with good intensity and reasonable band resolution. This clone adapts preferentially to the agricultural zones of the valley of Aguascalientes and south of Zacatecas, where the altitude is around 2,000 masl. The average experimental yield was of 17 ton ha-1.La variedad de ajo “San Marqueño” fue obtenida por selección individual a partir del clon C-37- 1/8; esta nueva variedad es del tipo Perla, con un ciclo vegetativo semitardío de 210 días de siembra a cosecha, estableciéndose en octubre. El bulbo tiene una forma oval, de color blanco aperlado y con una distribución regular de 14 dientes por bulbo. Sus hojas son de porte erecto y de color verde grisáceo. Este clon fue seleccionado por su alta productividad y calidad del bulbo; características de gran relevancia para el mercado nacional e internacional. Se caracterizó genéticamente mediante la extracción del ADN, el cual apareció con buena intensidad y adecuada resolución de bandas. Esta nueva variedad se adapta preferentemente a las zonas agrícolas del Valle de Aguascalientes y del Sur de Zacatecas, donde la altitud se encuentra alrededor de los 2,000 msnm. El rendimiento promedio experimental fue de 17 ton ha-1

Mejoramiento de ajo Perla por selección individual en Aguascalientes

In Aguascalientes, the garlic production per surface unit has decreased gradually. It has been determined that the main cause of this problem is the use of seed with low production potential; therefore it was necessary to improve garlic by individual selection. The objective of this work was to obtain a high yield and quality garlic clone through individual selection. In order to develop this work, Perla type was used and evaluated through two production cycles by individual selection. For the analysis of the data, a completely random design with sub sampling in a factorial arrangement was used. The results show, that the C-3-1/25 and C-CN95/2 clones were superior in yield and not different statistically between them, with a yield of 18.8 and 17.8 t ha-1, respectively. The C-3-1/25 had 13.3 cloves per bulb; it has the highest yield and bulb quality. We conclude that high yield Perla type clones were generated.En Aguascalientes, la producción de ajo por unidad de superficie ha disminuido gradualmente a través del tiempo, debido a la utilización de semilla para siembra de bajo potencial productivo por parte de los productores. El objetivo fue obtener clones de ajo mediante selección individual con características de alto rendimiento y calidad expresada a través del número de dientes por bulbo. Se trabajó un grupo de clones de ajo tipo Perla durante los ciclos de producción 2003-2004 y 2004-2005. Los datos se analizaron bajo un diseño completamente al azar con submuestreo y arreglo factorial 2 x 2. Los resultados mostraron que los clones C-3-1/25 y C-CN95/2 fueron los más sobresalientes en rendimiento e iguales estadísticamente entre sí con 18.8 y 17.8 t ha-1, respectivamente. El clon C-3-1/25 mostró un promedio de 13.3 dientes por bulbo; por lo que fue el más productivo en rendimiento y calidad de bulbo. Se concluye que se generaron clones de ajo Perla altamente rendidores y con buena calidad por su bajo número de dientes

Diagnóstico de poblaciones silvestres de calabacilla loca en el Altiplano Central de México

The species, Cucurbita foetidissimaKunth(crazy zucchini) grows in places that are not conducive to agriculture and has an agro-industrial importance, therefore, it is necessary to know its current situation to propose in the future if the plant is used sustainably. Therefore, morphological variables (foliage and root) of populations located in the region between the states of San Luis Potosí, Jalisco and Zacatecas were analyzed. The plants of La Cocona and Yoliatl San Luis Potosí, contain more guides per plant (9-12), better root attributes, by weight (2536 g), number of guides (67) and volume (2411.2 cm3) and higher fruit content. The Guadalupe and Ojocaliente,Zacatecas plants showed greater length of guides (16-27), length of the petiole (7.5 to 12 cm) and larger leaves (13.5 to 18 cm). With respect to the Chinampas Ojuelos, Encarnación de Díazand Lagos de Moreno,Jalisco plants, these had a root weight of 1615 g, 33.8 cm perimeter, 10.8 cm wide, 52.6 cm long, 44.5 guides, 1690.5 cm3in volume and 162 fruits.These low attributes may be due tothe fact that the plants were located in sites characterized by warmer climates and with greater precipitation (473.5-573.2 mm) compared to the other regions. In this work, geo-referencing and the size of wild crazy zucchini plants were established as a first strategy to know their habitat status, define a conservation/propagation alternative and propose a sustainable use method according to their agroindustrial potential that is known.La especie, Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth (calabacilla loca) crece en sitios poco propicios para la agricultura y tiene importancia agroindustrial, por lo anterior, se precisa el conocer su situación actual para proponer en un futuro si la planta se aprovecha de forma sustentable. Por lo anterior se analizaron variables morfológicas (follaje y raíz) de poblaciones ubicadas en la región comprendida entre los Estados de San Luis Potosí, Jalisco y Zacatecas. Las plantas de La Cócona y Yoliatl San Luis Potosí, contienen más guías por planta (9-12), mejores atributos de la raíz, en peso (2536 g), número de guías (67) y volumen (2411.2 cm3) y más alto contenido de frutos. Las plantas de Guadalupe y Ojocaliente Zacatecas mostraron mayor longitud de guías (16-27), longitud del peciolo (7.5 a 12 cm) y hojas más grandes (13.5 a 18 cm). Respecto a las plantas de Chinampas Ojuelos, Encarnación de Díaz y Lagos de Moreno Jalisco, estas presentaron en raíz un 1615 g de peso, 33.8 cm de perímetro, 10.8 cm de amplitud, 52.6 cm de longitud, 44.5 guías, 1690.5 cm3 de volumen y 162 frutos. Estos bajos atributos pueden deberse a que las plantas se ubicaron en sitios caracterizados por climas más cálidos y con mayor precipitación (473.5- 573.2 mm) en comparación a las otras regiones. En este trabajo se estableció la geo-referenciación y el tamaño de las plantas silvestres de calabacilla loca como una primera estrategia para conocer su condición del hábitat, definir una alternativa de conservación/propagación y proponer un método de aprovechamiento sustentable de acuerdo con su potencial agroindustrial que se le conoce

Control del clavo de la guayaba con extractos de plantas

Los extractos elaborados por maceración alcohólica presentaron la mayor inhibición del crecimiento del hongo P. clavispora con respecto de la maceración en agua o de la infusión. En bioensayos con extractos alcohólicos concentrados con rotovapor y filtrados, los extractos de jaral (Cistus sp.), aceitilla (Bidens odorata Cav.), mezquite (Prosopis laevigata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.), paraíso (Melia azedarach L.), olivo (Olea europaea L.), trompillo (Solanum eleagnifolium Cav.), lantana (Lantana sp.), romero (Rosmarinus sp.), ruda (Ruta graveolens L.), venadilla (Bursera simaruba (L.) SARG.), lengua de vaca (Rumex crispus L.) y eucalipto australiano (Corymbia (=Eucalyptus) gummifera (Gaertn.) Hill & Johnson) mostraron reducciones del crecimiento del hongo, superiores al 90%. En campo, los extractos de plantas de eucalipto rojo (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) y eucalipto australiano (Corymbia gummifera) mostraron menores daños que los fungicidas de síntesis química evaluados. Lo anterior, indica que es factible el uso de estos extractos en el control del hongo P. clavispora, disminuyendo el impacto ambiental.Extracts made by alcoholic maceration, showed the greatest inhibition of the growth of the P. clavisporafungus with respect to water maceration or infusion. In bioassays with alcoholic extracts concentrated with rotary evaporator and filtered, extracts ofjaral (Cistussp.), olives (Bidens odorataCav.), Mesquite (Prosopis laevigataHumb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd.), paradise (Melia azedarachL.), olive tree (Olea europaeaL.), trompillo (Solanum eleagnifoliumCav.), lantana (Lantanasp.), rosemary (Rosmarinussp.), rue (Ruta graveolensL.), venadilla (Bursera simaruba(L.) SARG.), cow tongue (Rumex crispusL.) and Australian eucalyptus (Corymbia (=Eucalyptus) gummifera(Gaertn.) Hill & Johnson) showed fungal growth reductions, greater than 90%. In the field, extracts of red eucalyptus plants (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and Australian eucalyptus (Corymbia gummifera) showed less damage than chemical synthesis fungicides evaluated. The foregoing indicates that the use of these extracts isfeasible in the control of the P. clavisporafungus, reducing the environmental impact