Análise fatorial para sexualidade e fatores de risco entre adolescentes escolares no Pará: o estudo PeNSE 2015/Factor analysis for sexuality and risk factors among school adolescents in Pará: the PeNSE 2015 study

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os fatores de risco para início da vida sexual entre adolescentes escolares do estudo PeNSE no Pará em 2015. Estudo ecológico com a utilização de dados do PeNSE do Pará (N=3834), sendo 52,2% do sexo feminino e idade média de 14,42 (±1,23). As variáveis independentes foram submetidas a análise fatorial exploratória com rotação Varimax. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para verificar as diferenças entre os sexos e os componentes fatoriais formados, com significância de 5%. Dos 1184 (30,9%) adolescentes que já haviam se iniciado sexualmente, 749 (63,3%) eram do gênero masculino (p=0,001) e 929 (78,46%) tinham idade entre 14 e 16 anos (p=0,001). A média de idade na primeira relação sexual foi 13,96±1,39 e 12,87±1,9 anos para homens e mulheres, respectivamente (p=0,001). Na análise fatorial exploratória, foram extraídos 3 componentes que explicaram 60% da variância total: experiência sexual, comportamento sexual de risco e orientação na escola. Uso de preservativo permaneceu alocado simultaneamente no 1º e 3º fator. Observou-se diferenças estaticamente significantes entre as cargas fatoriais dos componentes experiência sexual (p=0,000) e orientação na escola (p=0,000) entre os sexos. Os resultados sugerem que experiência sexual e orientação na escola são as principais diferenças entre os sexos que explicam a sexualidade precoce entre os adolescentes da PeNSE no Pará no ano de 2015

Kutathmini nyimbo katika kukuza na kuimarisha malezi,mfano wa kabila la Wakaguru

Makusudi ya kufanya utafiti huu, ni kutathmini dhima ya nyimbo katika kukuza nakuimarisha Malezi,mfano wa kabila la Wakaguru,Utafiti huu umefanyika Wilayani Kilosa,kata za mbili za Rubeho na Chagongwe zilizopo wilaya mpya ya Gairo,Aidha kata zote mbili zimeshirikishwa kikamilivu, zikiwa maskani ya utafiti huu,Nyimbo za ngoma tatu zimetumika katika mchakato wa utafiti hadi kufukia Matokeo halisi ya utafiti.Ngoma zilzojumuishwa kwenye utafiti huu ni pamoja na Ngoma ya Digubi,Ngoma ya Jando na Ngoma ya Mtunya Zilichunguzwa dhima zao na umuhimu wao kwa jamii ya Wakaguru wenyewe na Taifa kwa ujumla wake.Njia zilizotumika katika kufikia ukamilifu wa kazi hii, zilikuwa ni utafiti wa Maktaba na ule wa ana kwa ana. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yamebaini yaufuatayo:Washiriki walioteuliwa ni 340 walifikiwa na kufanikisha utafiti. 1.Vijana wenye umri wa miaka kuanzia 11-18 hawashiriki kabisa katika shughuli nyimbo za jadi wamezamia katika kuufukuza utandawazi. 2.Asilimia 75 ya Walioteuliwa kwenye utafiti huu na wenye umri wa miaka 19-25 walishiriki katika shughuli za nyimbo za ngoma. Zipo nadharia kadhaa zililyotumika katika Tasnifu hii, kuhusu uwasilishaji na uchanganuzi wa takwimu,Nadharia hizo ni Nadharia ya fasihi ina kwao, Nadharia ya uhalisia na Nadharia ya Mtu na fasihi na Nadharia ya Dini ni Bangi, Tasnifu hii imeundwa na sura sita, ya kwanza inahusu utangulizi kwa ujumla, usuli wa tatizo umewekwa bayana .Dhana ya mwingiliano wa nyimbo za ngoma imejadiliwa kwa kuhusishwa na mwingiliano uliopo kati ya nyimbo za ngoma na utamaduni wa magharibi, unaovinjari Mithili ya kasi mawimbi ya vumbi,linalonyemelea kuumeza x utamaduni wa mwafrika, hususan katika eneo la kata za Rubeho na Chagongwe, ambako utafiti huu ndiko unakofanyika, ukiwakilisha maeneo yote yanayokumbwa na tamaduni za magharibi, ambazo tayari zimeleta athari kubwa ya kuporomoka kwa maadili ya jamii, kwani nyimbo za ngoma katika jamii zetu hasa Digubi, kwa ajili ya kuwafundisha na kuwataarisha watoto wa kike, katika kuyakabiri maisha yao ya ujana kwenda utu uzima na Jando lililotumika pia kuwaandaa vijana wakiume kwa maisha mema na kupata mwongozo im arawa maisha yao ya jamii,na jamii zinazowazunguka. Pamoja na usuli wa tatizo sura hii imeonesha waziwazi malengo ya utafiti huu. sura ya pili inahusu nadharia na mbinu zilizotumika katika utafiti huu, katika sura hii.Dhana ya nadharia imeelezwa ,Aina za nadharia zimeelezwa, na nadharia zilizotumika kwenye utafiti huu, zimebainishwa, aidha eneo la utafiti, wahusika lengwa, namna ya ukusanyaji wa takwimu, muundo wa ukusanyaji wa takwimu, mpango wa uchanganuzi wa takwimu, katika utafiti; vyote hivyo vimefafanuliwa wazi kuhusu zana zilizotumika,utafiti huu umetumia uchunguzi wa maktaba, masaili na maswali ya dodoso. Sura ya tatu imeshughulikia mapitio mbalimbali ya maandishi yanayohusu Fasihi ya ngoma ,Jando, na Digubi,katika sura hii imetoa maana na dhanna nzima ya ngoma, jando, digubi,Fasihi ya ngoma na nyimbo za ngoma vimeelezwa na kufafanuliwa kwa kina.Dhanna za maadili,malezi navyo vimejadiliwa. Sura ya nne imehusika na mambo makuu mawili ;Mbinu na njia za kukusanya data,uwasilishaji na uchanganuzi wa data. Wahojiwa waliotarajiwa walikuwa 1,720,000 lakini waliofanikiwa kufikiwa walikuwa 340 na ndio walioleta matokeo xi halisi ya utafiti,kwa hiyo uwasilishaji na uchanganuzi wa takwimu hizo umetumia takribani robo idadi kuu watu katika kata hizo.Orodha ya wahojiwa imeambatanishwa nyuma ya taarifa hii, kama kiambatanishi A na E kinabainisha. sura hii imebainisha wazi uhusiano uliokuwapo hapo zamani, kati ya tabia njema kwa vijana na mafunzo yaliyotokana na nyimbo za ngoma za digubi na jando. Sura ya tano imejadili nadharia ya fasihi inakwao,Nadharia ya uhalisiya na Nadharia ya udhanaishi,Nadharia ya Ufeministi, Nadharia ya dini ni bangi,Nadharia ya ujumi na Nadharia ya ndani nje katika kuhakiki vipengele vya fani na maudhui ya kazi yote,hizi zimefafanuliwa kwa kina na kwa kuzingatia nadharia saidizi tatu za nadharia ya fasihi inakwao,Nadharia ya uhalisiya na Nadharia ya udhanaishi, Na hatimaye muhtasari wa utafiti,hitimishi yake na mapendekezo kadhaa, kwa ajili ya tafiti zaidi vimetolewa katika sura hii,imejadili nadharia ya fasihi inakwao,Nadharia ya uhalisiya na Nadharia ya udhanaishi

Valorization of lignin for coating applications

Heavy-duty epoxy coatings are utilized in a vast amount of applications from flooring to anti-corrosive protection of marine structures in harsh environments. The binders in these epoxy coatings are generally derived from fossil-based diglycidylether bisphenol A due to their thermomechanical contribution in cured networks stemming from high aromaticity, but are known to have high toxicity profile. In the context of a green transition and the potential future legislation, finding renewable and less toxic alternatives is therefore of high interest. Lignin, which constitutes 20-30 wt% of wooden biomass, is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer available and could be an attractive alternative, but its high molar mass and heterogeneity limit compatibility, solubility, and its overall viability as a renewable feedstock for coating components.This thesis employed several strategies to transform lignin into coating components of epoxy binders and curing agents. Initially, binders were synthesized directly from kraft lignin by esterification with epoxidized fatty acids, yielding a fully bio-based epoxy binder. The modification with long aliphatic chains enabled good solubility and film formation properties but led to softer and ductile epoxy networks, which could be strengthened by the addition of low molecular weight epoxy additives. Improvement of thermomechanical properties required pre-treatment of lignin to enable better solubility and molecular mobility during cross-linking. Subsequent epoxy derivatization targeted lower molar mass lignin species of liquid nature, which were obtained from a combined pre-treatment process of solvent fractionation followed by depolymerization. The reduced molar mass facilitated short-chain epoxy modification, which, by subsequent amine curing, resulted in better thermomechanical properties with Young moduli above 1.1 GPa and glass transition temperatures above 68°C. These liquid aromatic building blocks from lignin were later derivatized by ring-opening reaction of cyclic aza-silanes wherein highly aromatic and functional liquid amine curing agents with amine hydrogen equivalent weights of 68 g/eq were prepared. The cure kinetics of the lignin-based curing agent were found to be better with aromatic epoxy species, which were attributed to π-π interactions. Furthermore, the anti-oxidative properties were retained post-derivatization and curing, which enable the development of coatings without the need for potentially leachable anti-oxidants.Finally, chemoselective derivatization pathways of lignin were explored to increase and retain the anti-oxidative potential of lignin species for coating applications. The use of enzymes enabled high chemoselectivity of aliphatic alcohol derivatization and is a more benign method than otherwise classic chemoselective chemical pathways