Government expenditure and theory of efficient private and public finance

The efficient government finance will increase economic growth and thereby income distribution. This research has been formulated an efficiency theory of production and finance. This research compared the government expenditure patterns into two situations. One, when a government borrows and accordingly allocates resources for productive expenditures for private and public finance. Another situation is that when a government borrows and fixed the resources for productive expenditure for only public finance. A comparative efficiency theory of production and finance are being formulated to test the general equilibrium of production of goods and services. This general equilibrium theory of efficient production of a firm has been made a conclusion that government resource allocation in both for private and public finance is efficient and never creates economic distortion even if these resources are borrowed form domestic sources. These domestic sources might be private commercials banks or any other financial institutions. The government resource allocation is not efficient when the government borrowing is fixed only for increasing public finance. This process implies diminishing return and thus increases public expenditure implicitly. Increasing nonproductive government expenditure will expand the size of the government and accordingly reduce economic growth in the long run. But both the private and public finance from borrowing will not hamper the efficiency of the production of a firm and accordingly reduce economic distortion. The tendency of reducing economic distortion will ultimately increase economic growth and economic welfare as well.Keywords: Finance; Government Expenditure

Tree-ring analysis of teak (Tectona grandis L.F.) in central India and its relationship with rainfall and moisture index

Tree-ring-width index chronologies of teak (Tectona grandis L.F.) from three sites in central India have been studied for their dendroclimatic potential. The existence of good correlation among the three site chronologies indicates the in.uence of common forcing factor to the tree growth of the region. Tree growth and climate relationship based on correlation analysis revealed the important contribution of moisture index and rainfall rather than the direct influence of the temperature on tree growth during different seasons. Signi.cant positive relationship of moisture index and rainfall during the monsoon months as well as on the annual scale with tree-ring width variations over the region indicates the important role of moisture availability at the root zone. The results suggest that the teak tree-ring chronologies can be used as high resolution proxy for past precipitation and moisture level in the environment

Tree-ring variation in teak (Tectona grandis L.) from Allapalli, Maharashtra in relation to moisture and Palmer Drought Severity Index, India

We developed a ring-width chronology of teak (Tectona grandis L.) from a moisture stressed area in Maharashtra, India. Bootstrapped correlation analysis indicated that moisture index (MI) and Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) showed better performance rather than same year rainfall over the region. Tree-ring variations were most correlated positively with PDSI during different seasons compared with MI. Significant strong positive correlation with MI, and negative association with temperature and potential evapotranspiration (PET) were found during previous and current year post-monsoon (ON). This study shows that the moisture availability during the post-monsoon of the previous year has a significant role in the development of annual growth rings. The reconstructed previous year post-monsoon (ON) moisture index for the period 1866-1996 indicates 3.5 and 29.3 years periodicities

ISOLATION OF PROMISING MUTANT OF ENHANCED FRUIT QUALITY IN TOMATO

Induction of mutation by gamma rays, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and their combined treatments was studied in three widely divergent genotypes of tomato, EC-620176, EC-620177 and Patharkutchi. Combination of gamma radiation and EMS caused more damage followed by EMS treatment and gamma radiation, mainly in M1 generation. Gamma irradiation (50-150 Gy) was most efficient followed by 0.05- 0.10 % EMS and their combination treatment in inducing wide array of macro-mutation in tomato. One mutant “Dark green fruit” was isolated from the M2 population of Patharkutchi treated by 150 Gy gamma radiation. Chlorophyll ‘a’, Chlorophyll ‘b’ and total chlorophyll content in the leaf and immature fruit of this mutant was significantly higher compared to the parental genotype. Average total chlorophyll content in the leaf and immature fruit of the mutant over M3 and M4 generation was 318.52 mg/100 g fresh and 21.93 mg/100 g fresh, respectively in sharp contrast to 198.25 mg/100 g and 12.21 mg/100 g fresh, respectively in the leaf and immature fruit of the parental line. This “Dark green fruit” mutant with higher average lycopene (7.49 mg/100 g fresh) and ascorbic acid (35.86 mg/100 g fresh) contents in the ripe fruits emerged as a promising genetic resource for further utilization in tomato breeding for enhancement of lycopene and ascorbic acid content in the fruits

Prevalence and factors associated with depression and anxiety among first-year university students in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study

University students, especially those in their first year, not only face challenges related to their personal life but also to their academic performance. Such unfavorable conditions predispose them to psychological illnesses such as depression and anxiety. The present study surveyed first-year undergraduate students to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety and their potential underlying reasons. A cross-sectional questionnaire was conducted with 400 first-year university students aged between 18 and 23 years residing at Jahangirnagar University (in Bangladesh). After providing informed consent, the participants completed a survey examining socio-demographic variables and behavioral variables, along with the PHQ-9 scale, and the GAD-7 scale. Binary logistic regression was performed to determine the significant associations between the variables under examination. The prevalence rates of moderate to extremely severe levels of depression and anxiety were 69.5% and 61%, respectively, with no significant gender differences. The main risk factors for depression were unsatisfactory sleep quality and lack of physical exercise. The main risk factor for anxiety was excessive internet use. The prevalence of depression and anxiety levels among first-year university students was high in the present study and appears to confirm the notion that first-year university students are a vulnerable group for mental illnesses. The findings suggest the need for intervention programs, alongside adequate and appropriate supportive services for Bangladeshi university students

Applying a small doable action behaviour change approach to address monumental challenges in S.W. Bangladesh

CLTS focuses on trigger commitment to ending open defecation. But what do you do when communities practice fixed point defecation, yet almost NONE of it is hygienic and it leaks into the environment??This paper will first generally describe the USAID WASHplus/Bangladesh activity, and continue to highlight some of the innovative behaviour change approaches we are applying to a particularly challenging area of Southwestern Bangladesh. Our approach to increasing the practice of WASH behaviours is both theory-based and grounded in established best practice, and focuses on making change possible and sustainable by addressing both essential ‘supply’ of key WASH products and negotiating a menu of “small doable actions” that are both feasible and effective for resource constrained households

Government expenditure and theory of efficient private and public finance

The efficient government finance will increase economic growth and thereby income distribution. This research has been formulated an efficiency theory of production and finance. This research compared the government expenditure patterns into two situations. One, when a government borrows and accordingly allocates resources for productive expenditures for private and public finance. Another situation is that when a government borrows and fixed the resources for productive expenditure for only public finance. A comparative efficiency theory of production and finance are being formulated to test the general equilibrium of production of goods and services. This general equilibrium theory of efficient production of a firm has been made a conclusion that government resource allocation in both for private and public finance is efficient and never creates economic distortion even if these resources are borrowed form domestic sources. These domestic sources might be private commercials banks or any other financial institutions. The government resource allocation is not efficient when the government borrowing is fixed only for increasing public finance. This process implies diminishing return and thus increases public expenditure implicitly. Increasing nonproductive government expenditure will expand the size of the government and accordingly reduce economic growth in the long run. But both the private and public finance from borrowing will not hamper the efficiency of the production of a firm and accordingly reduce economic distortion. The tendency of reducing economic distortion will ultimately increase economic growth and economic welfare as well