133 research outputs found
Low-energy photoelectron transmission through aerosol overlayers
The transmission of low-energy (<1.8eV) photoelectrons through the shell of
core-shell aerosol particles is studied for liquid squalane, squalene, and DEHS
shells. The photoelectrons are exclusively formed in the core of the particles
by two-photon ionization. The total photoelectron yield recorded as a function
of shell thickness (1-80nm) shows a bi-exponential attenuation. For all
substances, the damping parameter for shell thicknesses below 15nm lies between
8 and 9nm, and is tentatively assigned to the electron attenuation length at
electron kinetic energies of ~0.5-1eV. The significantly larger damping
parameters for thick shells (> 20nm) are presumably a consequence of distorted
core-shell structures. A first comparison of aerosol and traditional thin film
overlayer methods is provided
Electron mean free path from angle-dependent photoelectron spectroscopy of aerosol particles
We propose angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of aerosol particles as
an alternative way to determine the electron mean free path of low energy
electrons in solid and liquid materials. The mean free path is obtained from
fits of simulated photoemission images to experimental ones over a broad range
of different aerosol particle sizes. The principal advantage of the aerosol
approach is twofold. Firstly, aerosol photoemission studies can be performed
for many different materials, including liquids. Secondly, the size-dependent
anisotropy of the photoelectrons can be exploited in addition to size-dependent
changes in their kinetic energy. These finite size effects depend in different
ways on the mean free path and thus provide more information on the mean free
path than corresponding liquid jet, thin film, or bulk data. The present
contribution is a proof of principle employing a simple model for the
photoemission of electrons and preliminary experimental data for potassium
chloride aerosol particles
Angle-Resolved Photoemission of Solvated Electrons in Sodium-Doped Clusters
Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of the unpaired electron in
sodium-doped water, methanol, ammonia, and dimethyl ether clusters is
presented. The experimental observations and the complementary calculations are
consistent with surface electrons for the cluster size range studied. Evidence
against internally solvated electrons is provided by the photoelectron angular
distribution. The trends in the ionization energies seem mainly determined by
the degree of hydrogen bonding in the solvent and the solvation of the ion
core. The onset ionization energies of water and methanol clusters do not level
off at small cluster sizes, but decrease slightly with increasing cluster size
Magic Numbers for the Photoelectron Anisotropy in Li-Doped Dimethyl Ether Clusters
Photoelectron velocity map imaging of Li(CHOCH) clusters (1
n 175) is used to search for magic numbers related to the
photoelectron anisotropy. Comparison with density functional calculations
reveals magic numbers at n=4, 5, and 6, resulting from the symmetric charge
distribution with high s-character of the highest occupied molecular orbital.
Since each of these three cluster sizes correspond to the completion of a first
coordination shell, they can be considered as 'isomeric motifs of the first
coordination shell'. Differences in the photoelectron anisotropy, the vertical
ionization energies and the enthalpies of vaporization between
Li(CHOCH) and Na(CHOCH) can be rationalized in terms of
differences in their solvation shells, atomic ionization energies,
polarizabilities, metal-oxygen bonds, ligand-ligand interactions, and by
cooperative effects
Below band gap formation of solvated electrons in neutral water clusters?
Below band gap formation of solvated electrons in neutral water clusters
using pump-probe photoelectron imaging is compared with recent data for liquid
water and with above band gap excitation studies in the liquid and clusters.
Similar relaxation times in the order of 200 fs and 1-2 ps are retrieved for
below and above band gap excitation, in both clusters and liquid. The
relaxation times independence from the generation process indicates that these
times are dominated by the solvent response, which is significantly slower than
the different solvated electron formation processes. The analysis of the
temporal evolution of the vertical electron binding energy and the electron
binding energy at half maximum suggests a dependence of the solvation time on
the binding energy
Can we Observe Gas Phase Nucleation at the Molecular Level?
We propose and discuss an experiment for the study of neutral gas phase nucleation on a molecular level using propane as the condensable gas. The experiment combines a uniform Laval expansion with soft mass spectrometric detection. The uniform Laval expansion allows nucleation experiments under well-defined conditions while the mass spectrometric detection provides molecular-level information on the molecular aggregates formed. It is discussed how one could observe the onset of nucleation and retrieve the size of the critical nucleus from the mass spectra
New Particle Formation from the Vapor Phase : From Barrier-Controlled Nucleation to the Collisional Limit
Studies of vapor phase nucleation have largely been restricted to one of two limiting cases—nucleation controlled by a substantial free energy barrier or the collisional limit where the barrier is negligible. For weakly bound systems, exploring the transition between these regimes has been an experimental challenge, and how nucleation evolves in this transition remains an open question. We overcome these limitations by combining complementary Laval expansion experiments, providing new particle formation data for carbon dioxide over a uniquely broad range of conditions. Our experimental data together with a kinetic model using rate constants from high-level quantum chemical calculations provide a comprehensive picture of new particle formation as nucleation transitions from a barrier-dominated process to the collisional limit.Peer reviewe
EMSL Science Theme Advisory Panel Workshop - Atmospheric Aerosol Chemistry, Climate Change, and Air Quality
This report contains the workshop scope and recommendations from the workshop attendees in identifying scientific gaps in new particle formation, growth and properties of particles and reactions in and on particles as well as the laboratory-focused capabilities, field-deployable capabilities and modeling/theory tools along with linking of models to fundamental data
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