Simulation und Optimierung der Standort- und Kapazitätsauswahl in der Planung von Ladeinfrastruktur für batterieelektrische Fahrzeugflotten

Politische, technologische und ökonomische Faktoren haben dazu beigetragen, dass Elektromobilität in den letzten Jahren einen neuen Aufschwung erfahren hat. Neben dem privaten Sektor sind bestimmte gewerbliche Flotten im innerstädtischen Straßenverkehr besonders als Pilotkunden für batterieelektrische Fahrzeuge geeignet. Der wirtschaftliche Vorteil gegenüber konventionellen Antrieben entsteht durch geringe Energiekosten, wenn die Fahrzeuge eine hohe Laufleistung erreichen und trotzdem genügend Zeit für die benötigten Aufladevorgänge bleibt. Sofern also batterieelektrische Fahrzeuge für den Anwendungsbereich geeignet sind, wird eine bedarfsgerechte Ladeinfrastruktur im Betriebsgebiet benötigt. Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Entwicklung neuer Simulations- und Optimierungsmodelle für die Planungsfragestellungen zur Auslegung von Ladeinfrastruktur für batterieelektrische Fahrzeugflotten. Das erarbeitete Simulationsmodell ermöglicht eine detaillierte Analyse und Bewertung der Auswirkungen verschiedener Handlungsalternativen. Es erlaubt die Variation der Flottengröße, der Fahrzeugtypen, der Batteriekapazität, der Infrastruktur-Konfiguration und der Laderegeln im Betriebskonzept. Das entwickelte Optimierungsmodell ermöglicht die Auswahl von Versorgungsstandorten und die Festlegung einer Betriebskapazität zur Sicherstellung einer geforderten Service-Qualität auf Basis verschiedener Kennzahlen. Für mittlere und große Probleminstanzen gelangen exakte Lösungsverfahren an ihre Grenzen, so dass ein eigenes heuristisches Verfahren vorgestellt wird. Die entwickelten Methoden wurden in einem realen Planungsprojekt eingesetzt, um die Praktikabilität zu demonstrieren.Political, technological and economic factors have led to a new upswing in the development of Electric Mobility. In addition to the private sector, certain industrial fleets are especially suited as pilot customers for battery electric vehicles. Economic advantages compared to conventional vehicles are caused by low energy costs if vehicles reach high mileage and still have enough time to recharge the needed energy. To supply energy to all fleet vehicles, a proper charging infrastructure has to be available in the operational area. The focus of this work is the development of new simulation and optimization models for this strategic planning task. The developed simulation model allows a detailed analysis and evaluation of the impact of various business models. It allows the variation of the fleet size, the vehicle types, the battery capacity, the infrastructure configuration and charging rules in the operational concept. The developed optimization model allows the cost-minimal selection of supply locations and their capacity to ensure the required quality of service. For medium and large problem instances exact solution methods reach their limits, so that a separate heuristic method is presented. The developed methods were used in a real project to demonstrate the practicality.Tag der Verteidigung: 16.08.2012Paderborn, Univ., Diss., 201

Differential accumulation of phenolics and phytoalexins in seven Malus genotypes cultivated in apple replant disease-affected soil

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a globally recognised soil-borne disease, which affects apple orchards and tree nurseries. Biotic factors are considered to be the main causal agent of ARD. Phenolics and phytoalexins were induced in apple roots grown in ARD soil compared to roots grown in disinfested ARD soil. However, the relationship between ARD susceptibility and production of phenolics and phytoalexins in apple roots is still unclear. To answer this question, we cultivated seven Malus genotypes with varying levels of ARD susceptibility (M.26, EMR 2, M.200, G.214, G.935, Selection 4, and MAL0739) in both ARD soil from Heidgraben, Germany, and the same soil after disinfestation by gamma-irradiation (γ-ARD). Despite the overall growth reduction observed for all seven genotypes, three of them, EMR 2, G.935 and MAL0739, showed better performance, as indicated by the ARD susceptibility index (ASI) and differences in their root structure. Phenolics and phytoalexins were differentially induced in the roots grown for four weeks (T4) and eight weeks (T8) in ARD soil compared to γ-ARD soil. Moreover, differences in the total phenolics content (TPC) and the total phytoalexin content among the evaluated Malus genotypes were observed. The biochemical data from the early time point (T4) separated Malus genotypes more effectively compared to that from the late time point (T8). Among the six ARD-induced phytoalexins, 3-hydroxy-5-methoxybiphenyl at T4 can serve as an early biomarker for ARD. Although TPC and total phytoalexin content of the Malus genotypes exhibited no or weak correlation with root and shoot growth reduction, some individual phenolics and phytoalexins showed higher coefficients, suggesting that they might influence the ARD susceptibility of apple rootstocks

Renting household items in Finland

Globalization, digitalization and trust between people are three major reasons for increasing amounts of online products, services and renting which are becoming the new era of the 21st century. In the past decade we are seeing businesses like Airbnb, the largest accommodation provider which does not own any real estate, or Uber, the largest taxi company which does not own any vehicles. The author of this thesis gathered data by conducting a survey. The objective was to figure out, would people mainly in Finland see potential in a renting application and if so, what elements should it consist of and why. In this thesis, a qualitative and quantitative survey served as a primary data-collection method. In addition to this, a comprehensive conceptual framework and interview gave an overview of key findings, concepts and developments in relation to the studied topic. Based on the information gathered from the survey, suitable suggestions could be proposed. As a result, the findings emphasized; renting agreements must be based on law, renting platform has to be simple, easy to use and have a rating system. In addition, items which are drastically affected by hygiene were mentioned several times

Willingness between age groups to buy or rent second-hand vs. buying new products : the case of Lainappi Oy

In response to the changing landscape of consumer behaviour influenced by digitalisation, environmental awareness and global crises, this Master's thesis examines the determinants that influence consumer preferences in different age groups. The main focus is on the factors that influence the decision to buy or rent second-hand vs. buying new products, with particular attention paid to age-related differences. Methodologically, the study is based on a structured survey with qualitative and quantitative components, which is supplemented by an extensive literature review. It comprehensively considers influencing factors such as age, shopping preferences, product preference and the determinants that influence product choice. The key findings underline the widespread belief among respondents that their willingness to buy or rent second-hand products will change in the future. In addition, the analysis shows an imminent shift in consumer preferences, especially among younger generations, indicating a growing inclination towards secondhand products driven by environmental concerns and economic considerations. Taking into account the regional specificities of Finland and to some extent Germany, as well as the potential transferability to other countries, the research provides insights with practical applications for the case company Lainappi Oy. The results provide not only insightful findings but also development recommendations to help Lainappi adapt to changing consumer preferences

Vanhempien osallisuuden lisääminen varhaiskasvatuksessa : vanhempien näkemyksiä osallisuudesta ja yhteistyöstä päiväkodissa

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kerätä tietoa vanhempien osallisuudesta varhaiskasvatuksessa, jota toimeksiantaja voisi hyödyntää toimintansa kehittämisessä. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten vanhemmat kokevat osallisuuden ja yhteistyön varhaiskasvatuksen henkilökunnan kanssa, sekä miten vanhemmat haluaisivat osallisuutensa toteutuvan päiväkodin arjessa. Opinnäytetyön aineisto kerättiin Webropol -kyselylomakkeella, joka lähetettiin sähköisesti päiväkodin vanhemmille. Kyselyssä tiedusteltiin vanhempien kokemuksia yhteistyöstä päiväkodin henkilökunnan kanssa, vanhempien mietteitä osallisuudesta ja sen kehittämisestä, sekä vanhempien ajatuksia yhdistystoiminnasta. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin sekä laadullisin, että määrällisin menetelmin. Kyselyssä hyödynnettiin niin avoimia kysymyksiä kuin Likert-asteikkoa. Avoimet kysymykset analysoitiin sisällönanalyysiä hyödyntäen. Opinnäytetyön tulosten mukaan vanhemmat ovat pääsääntöisesti tyytyväisiä yhteistyöhön päiväkodin henkilökunnan kanssa. Tulosten perusteella hyviä muotoja vanhempien osallisuudelle ovat muun muassa vanhempainillat, vasu-keskustelut, isän-/äitienpäiväaamiainen ja luontoretki. Tuloksissa kävi kuitenkin myös ilmi tarve päiväkodin runsaammalle tiedottamiselle yhdistystoimintaan liittyen, sekä vanhempien tietoisuuden lisääminen heidän mahdollisuuksistaan osallistua varhaiskasvatuksen suunnitteluun ja sen toteuttamiseen