Seroprevalence Of Hepatitis-b Virus In Mid And Far Western Region In Nepal

Hepatitis B is significant health problems that might involve the late sequel of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study aimed to know the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in mid and far western region in Nepal with various clinical conditions.This was a retrospective study conducted in mid and far western region in Nepal, which was performed in the Central Laboratory of Microbiology at Nepalgunj Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Banke, Nepal during the period of September 2010 to April 2012. The serum samples were tested for Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) by Sandwich immunoassay. Total 7010 patients including 43.72% male and 56.28% female were tested for HBsAg. Of them, 135 were positive and 6875 were negative.In 135 positive cases 84 (62.22%) were male and 51 (37.77% )were female. In 6875 negative cases 2981 were male and 3894 were female. The seroprevalence rate of HBV was 1.93% in mid and far western region in Nepal. Seroprevalence of HBV seems to be higher in male then the female; it was 2.75% in male and 1.29% in female.The study revealed that the seroprevalence of HBV was alarmingly higher in such a population, which probably reflects a high background prevalence of HBV infections should be taken into consideration and Implementation of community-based preventive measures and improved strategies for safe blood supply might prove useful to decrease the seroprevalence

SELEKTIVNOST PLIJENA U SOMA (Silurus glanis) I AFRIČKOG SOMA (Clarias gariepinus)

The experiments aimed at prey selectivity in two Siluriformes predators. African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and wels, Silurus glanis, were performed under laboratory conditions. Prey fish (12-22% TL of predator) were submitted to one.year.old African catfish (~220 g) and wels (~150 g) originating from intensive culture, ie with no previous experience with live fish food. In African catfish, negative selectivity (avoidance) was shown for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) whilst rudd(Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus) were preferred (positive selectivity). The intensity and efficiency of African catfish predation were quite low because its feeding strategy is based rather on prey searching than hunting. Prey fish, wounded and/or dead from its clumsy attacks, were sonsumed preferably overnight. Not one successful attack of African catfish on healthy prey fish was registered. The SGR and FCR of clarias fed live fish were 0.39%. day-1 and 4.73 respectively. In wels, strong negative selectivity (avoidance) was proved for roach (Rutilus rutilus) and topmouth gungeon, and lower avoidance for Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and chub (Leuciscus cephalus). Asp (Aspius aspius) were found to be low preferred but high preference was shown for sunbleak, rudd and bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus). Both catfishes preferred smaller prey fish during the 10.day experimental period whilst those which remained non-consumed belonged to the mean or above-mean size categories.Istraživanja su bila usmjerena na selektivnost plijena u dvije vrste grabežljivaca siluriformes - afričkog soma (Clarius gariepinus) i soma (Silurus glanis). Istraživanja su provedena u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Riba plijen (12-22% TL grabežljivaca) poslužila je jednogodišnjem afričkom somu (~220 g) i somu (~150 g) porijeklom iz intenzivnog uzgoja bez prethodnog iskustva u prehrani živim ribama. Afrički je som pokazao negativnu seletivnost (izbjegavanje) prema nilskoj tilapiji (Oreochromis niloticus) i amurskom čebačoku (Pseudorasbora parva), a crvenperka (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) i bjelica (Leucaspius delineatus) bile su preferirane (pozitivna selektivnost). Intenzitet i efikasnost proždrljivosti afričkog soma bila je posve niska, jer je njegova hranidbena strategija u osnovi zapravo na selektivnosti traženja, a ne lova. Plijen, ozlijeđen ili mrtav u tijeku neefikasnog lova, bio je bolje konzumiran za vrijeme noći. Ni jedan uspješan napad afričkog soma na zdravi plijen nije registriran. U soma je bila dokazana jaka negativna selektivnost (uklanjanje) za bodorku (Rutilus rutilus) i amurski čebačok (Pseudorasbora parva), a slabije izbjegavanje za babušku (Carassius auratus gibelio) i klena (Leuciscus cephalus). Bolen (Aspius aspius) nisko je preferiran, dok je visoka preferiranost pokazana za bjelicu (Leucaspius delineatus), crvenperku (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) i gavčicu (Rhodeus sericeus). Obje vrste soma preferirale su manji plijen za vrijeme desetodnevnog eksperimentalnog razdoblja, dok su oni koji su ostali nekonzumirani pripadali kategoriji srednjih ili većih riba

SELEKTIVNOST PLIJENA U SOMA (Silurus glanis) I AFRIČKOG SOMA (Clarias gariepinus)

The experiments aimed at prey selectivity in two Siluriformes predators. African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, and wels, Silurus glanis, were performed under laboratory conditions. Prey fish (12-22% TL of predator) were submitted to one.year.old African catfish (~220 g) and wels (~150 g) originating from intensive culture, ie with no previous experience with live fish food. In African catfish, negative selectivity (avoidance) was shown for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) whilst rudd(Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus) were preferred (positive selectivity). The intensity and efficiency of African catfish predation were quite low because its feeding strategy is based rather on prey searching than hunting. Prey fish, wounded and/or dead from its clumsy attacks, were sonsumed preferably overnight. Not one successful attack of African catfish on healthy prey fish was registered. The SGR and FCR of clarias fed live fish were 0.39%. day-1 and 4.73 respectively. In wels, strong negative selectivity (avoidance) was proved for roach (Rutilus rutilus) and topmouth gungeon, and lower avoidance for Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) and chub (Leuciscus cephalus). Asp (Aspius aspius) were found to be low preferred but high preference was shown for sunbleak, rudd and bitterling (Rhodeus sericeus). Both catfishes preferred smaller prey fish during the 10.day experimental period whilst those which remained non-consumed belonged to the mean or above-mean size categories.Istraživanja su bila usmjerena na selektivnost plijena u dvije vrste grabežljivaca siluriformes - afričkog soma (Clarius gariepinus) i soma (Silurus glanis). Istraživanja su provedena u laboratorijskim uvjetima. Riba plijen (12-22% TL grabežljivaca) poslužila je jednogodišnjem afričkom somu (~220 g) i somu (~150 g) porijeklom iz intenzivnog uzgoja bez prethodnog iskustva u prehrani živim ribama. Afrički je som pokazao negativnu seletivnost (izbjegavanje) prema nilskoj tilapiji (Oreochromis niloticus) i amurskom čebačoku (Pseudorasbora parva), a crvenperka (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) i bjelica (Leucaspius delineatus) bile su preferirane (pozitivna selektivnost). Intenzitet i efikasnost proždrljivosti afričkog soma bila je posve niska, jer je njegova hranidbena strategija u osnovi zapravo na selektivnosti traženja, a ne lova. Plijen, ozlijeđen ili mrtav u tijeku neefikasnog lova, bio je bolje konzumiran za vrijeme noći. Ni jedan uspješan napad afričkog soma na zdravi plijen nije registriran. U soma je bila dokazana jaka negativna selektivnost (uklanjanje) za bodorku (Rutilus rutilus) i amurski čebačok (Pseudorasbora parva), a slabije izbjegavanje za babušku (Carassius auratus gibelio) i klena (Leuciscus cephalus). Bolen (Aspius aspius) nisko je preferiran, dok je visoka preferiranost pokazana za bjelicu (Leucaspius delineatus), crvenperku (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) i gavčicu (Rhodeus sericeus). Obje vrste soma preferirale su manji plijen za vrijeme desetodnevnog eksperimentalnog razdoblja, dok su oni koji su ostali nekonzumirani pripadali kategoriji srednjih ili većih riba

Septic emboli of the lung due to Fusobacterium necrophorum, a case of Lemierre\u27s syndrome

© 2019 The Authors Fusobacterium necrophorum plays a causal role in a rare and life-threatening condition, Lemierre\u27s syndrome. It is characterized by infection involving the posterior compartment of the lateral pharyngeal space complicated by septic suppurative thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein with F. necrophorum bacteremia and metastatic abscesses, primarily to the lung and pulmonary septic emboli. Herein, we present a very rare case of oropharyngeal infection complicated by Lemierre\u27s syndrome with characteristic septic emboli to the lungs presenting as sore throat in a previously healthy patient. A 23-year-old woman presented with sore throat and was found to be in sepsis and acute kidney injury. She was found to have septic emboli in lung and Streptococcus anginosus and F. necrophorum in blood. She was diagnosed with Lemierre\u27s syndrome and successfully treated with antibiotics. Lemierre\u27s syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis in young patients who deteriorate in the setting of a sore throat. If the suspicion is high, throat swabs from young patients with nonstreptococcal group A tonsillitis should be cultured anaerobically on selective medium to detect the presence of F. necrophorum. While clinicians of the infectious disease team may be familiar with this condition other departments including internal medicine and critical care team may less so. Unless clinicians are aware of this syndrome, diagnosis and treatment can be delayed leading to higher morbidity and mortality

Separate Submission of Standard Lymphadenectomy in 6 Packets Versus En Bloc Lymphadenectomy in Bladder Cancer

Introduction:Our aim was to evaluate detection of nodal metastasis during radical cystectomy with standard pelvic lymph node dissection versus en bloc lymphadenectomy for the treatment of bladder cancer. Materials And Methods: Hospital records of a total of 77 Patients with radical cystectomy and either standard pelvic lymph node dissection or en bloc lymphadenectomy were reviewed. Nodal dissection specimens during standard lymphadenectomy were sent for pathology examination in 6 separate containers marked as external iliac, internal iliac, and obturator groups from both sides. En bloc dissection specimens were sent in 2 containers marked as the right and the left pelvic nodes. Clinical and pathological findings of these two groups were compared in terms of the number of dissected lymph nodes, number of nodes with metastasis, lymph node density, and clinical outcomes. Results: There were 34 Patients with standard lymph node dissection and 43 with en bloc lymphadenectomy (anterior pelvic exenteration). Age, sex, duration of the disease, number of transurethral resections prior to cystectomy, pathological grade at cystectomy, and stage of the primary tumor were comparable in the two groups of Patients. The median numbers of nodes removed per Patient were 15.5 (range, 4 to 48) and 7.0 (range, 1 to 24) in those with standard and en bloc lymphadenectomy, respectively (P \u3c .001). Nodal involvement was detected in 10 (29.4%) and 9 (20.9%) Patients, respectively (P = .43). Conclusions: Although nodal involvement was not significantly different between the two groups, standard lymphadenectomy submitted in 6 different containers significantly improved the nodal yield over en bloc resection. Obturator nodes were the most commonly involved nodes in our study

Proposed efficient method for ticket booking (PEMTB)

The main purpose of this study is to explore the different platform that influence the client to become social. Our project (GO-tickets) is more easy way to book /buy ticket for all categories of events which is held in our town which includes the movie, festivals, holiday tour, events, sports and much more. This project is based on Cloud computing and we implement the digitalized concept of ticket marketing in which person can buy tickets in digital form and use single platform for all types of events booking. We used angular JS, ionic for a front end and node.js, express.js for a back end and mongo DB for a database. Our application works on both OS platform (IOS and android).Our proposed system is totally softcopy and in digitalized. The project has been successfully in the developing process and the system performance is found satisfactory. The use of computers in this technology era is nonproductive tasks to helps the users to reduce the time and wait. User-friendly menu interface the users can then use the services of the application via to fill a registration form can register themselves for book the tickets. This research paper of Go-Ticket application deals with the modern technology development of mobile phone application which is more simple effective, easy way to use and we also introduce QR scanning bar code reader that contain information about ticket in the form of bar-code. Moreover, the authentication of the ticket is checking by another person through QR scanning bar code reader which verify, QR-code detail information with the database and reduces the burden of event manager

Placental transfer of pesticides in humans

Transfer of organochlorine pesticides from mother to fetus has been studied in 100 women. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were examined in maternal blood, placenta, and umbilical cord blood of the same mother/child pair. Residue levels of dichlorodiphenyl trichloro ethane (DDT) and its metabolites, isomers of benzene hexachloride (BHC) and aldrin were detected in all the samples analyzed, indicating their transfer from mother to the fetus. A correlation was found to exist between the pesticide concentration and age, dietetic habits and area of residence of pregnant women

Effects of Variation of Quantum Well Numbers on Gain Characteristics of Type-I InGaAsP/InP Nano-heterostructure

This paper reports the effects of variation of number of quantum wells in material gain characteristics and lasing wavelength of step index separately confined type-I InGaAsP/InP lasing nano-heterostructure for different carrier concentrations at room temperature in TE (Transverse Electric) mode of polarization. Peak material gain is found to be highest when the number of quantum well is one in the structure. However, for the case of 3QWs, 5QWs and 7QWs, it is almost same at a particular carrier density. Lasing wavelength at peak material gain considerably increases as the number of quantum well layers vary from single quantum well layer to three quantum well layers in the active region and after that it will remain almost same by any further increase in number of quantum wells for a particular carrier density. Furthermore, negative gain condition in the material gain spectra exists in the case of multiple quantum wells only at carrier concentration of 2×1018/cm3. The results suggest that the proposed nano-heterostructure is highly suitable as a light source in fiber optic links for long distance communication

Emerging bacterial resistance patterns in febrile neutropenic patients: experience at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Objective: To look at the clinical presentations, spectrum and site of isolation of the organisms, sensitivity patterns of the organisms and the antibiotic prescribing practices for the treatment of febrile neutropenic patients at our hospital.Methods: The data were collected retrospectively from the records of all neutropenic patients with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of less than 500/ml admitted during the period of 3 years from August 1999 to July 2002 at AKUH.Results: Out of the total of 404 patients, 65% had hematological malignancies and around half of them had leukaemia, 86% of the patients presented with fever. A total of 124 bacterial organisms were isolated from 96 patients among which 47% were gram positive and 53% were gram negative organisms; 16.1% of the patients had septicaemia. Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) were the most common gram positive and E. coli was the most commonly isolated gram negative organism. Most of the gram positive organisms were isolated from blood (67%). There was emerging resistance to all commonly used antibiotics including imipenem, cloxacillin, vancomycin and amikacin. The average duration of neutropenia was 6.4 days. The mortality rate was 6%.CONCLUSION: There is increasing trend of gram negative organisms developing resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Gram positive bacteria including Enterococcus spp. and CoNS are also showing emerging resistance to vancomycin