Digital twin for risk and uncertainty analysis in complex industrial control and automation systems using artificial intelligence and machine learning

Industrial control systems play a crucial role in enabling advanced manufacturing operations. However, these systems are inherently susceptible to failure. Detecting faults at an early stage is of paramount importance, as it can prevent the occurrence of fatal and catastrophic consequences resulting from equipment failures. Moreover, timely detection and resolution of faults can save significant costs and time for organizations. The failure of these systems not only poses risks to operators but can also lead to substantial delays in the advanced manufacturing process, imposing substantial financial burdens on organizations. Therefore, a methodology is needed that can be used to avoid the adverse effects of equipment failure of industrial control systems to achieve smooth advanced manufacturing operations. To achieve this, the methodology should be able to detect the abnormal behaviour of the system at very early stages for predictive maintenance. This methodology can be designed using an extremely popular concept known as the Digital Twin, which has gained significant importance in the era of Industry 4.0. In this research, artificial intelligence techniques will be employed to develop a highly accurate and detailed digital twin model. This model will serve as a valuable tool for predictive maintenance in complex industrial control systems, facilitating the achievement of smooth and uninterrupted advanced manufacturing processes. Also, the performance of the proposed Digital Twin model will be compared with state-of-the-art anomaly detection approaches. The digital twin, utilizing the proposed algorithms, will not only be able to detect anomalies but also quantify their severity, classifying them into different levels such as minor, severe, and faulty operations. Furthermore, the research addresses the generalization challenges faced by state-of-the-art approaches, showcasing the digital twin's ability to effectively classify unseen data as healthy or anomalous. The results obtained from the analysis and comparison of state-of-the-art approaches with the proposed algorithms clearly demonstrate the methodology's capability to detect anomalies, quantify their level, and classify them accurately and effectively in real-world data. This validation underscores the robustness and reliability of the developed methodology, further solidifying its potential as a valuable tool for predictive maintenance in complex industrial control systems.Masters by Researc

Fertilizer Requirements and Nutrient Dynamics of Teak (Tectona Grandis L.F.) Plantations in Peninsular Malaysia

Teak (Tectona grandis L.f) is one of the highly sought after timbers of the world. It is not indigenous to Malaysia and was introduced as plantation species in the northern states of Kedah and Perlis in early 1950's. To-date, 1100 ha of teak plantation has been established in Malaysia and more acreage are planned in the future. However, comprehensive fertilizer requirements of this species are not adequately known. The objective of the present study was to determine the fertilizer requirements of T grandis and their effects on the nutrient dynamics in the trees. Three experiments were conducted for this purpose: pot trial, field trial and destructive sampling of various aged trees. Soil and plant analyses were carried out to determine the effects of fertilizer application and age on the nutrient concentrations in the trees. Results of the pot trial revealed that 564 kg/ha of ammonium sulphate and 3 00 kg/ha of P205 with 75 kg/ha of K20 promoted the growth of T grandis' seedlings. The results of field experiment clearly indicated that N and P are equally important and act additively to boost the growth of teak seedlings. It was found that 200 kg/ha ammonium sulphate and 300 kg/ha triple superphosphate gave maximum height and diameter of the teak seedlings. The disparity in fertilizer dosages is due to large number of plants per ha in pot experiment

Grooming Future Doctors With Research Based Medical Curriculum

Content of the medical curriculum is the hottest issuewhich is confronted by most of the educationist, both indeveloped and developing countries. Traditional medicalcurricula were designed in such a vogue that studentshould take benefit of the knowledge of the earlierphysicians and then apply the same to treat his patientwhile stressing on memorization of the differentialdiagnosis, as suggested by the senior physician, basedon their experience. This approach focused on trainingthe future doctors to apply the already searched knowledgein the field without thinking critically about the otherunknown factors influencing the outcome of the treatmentand based on long didactic lectures

MODELLING EMPIRICAL REGULARITIES FOR BANKING STOCKS IN PAKISTAN

This paper examines empirical regularities in terms of dayof-the-week anomalies for the banking stocks at the Karachi StockExchange for the period 1996 to 2008. Non normality of the datawith excess kurtosis suggested application of ARCH and GARCHmodels which proved uncertainty of returns from banking stocks.Nonparametric analysis of the data reveals evidence of day-of-theweekeffect in Pakistan as contrary to the findings of some of theprevious studies on Asia-Pacific markets. The evidence of the dayof-the-week anomaly might be attributed to the strength of thenonparametric estimation methods which are more robust whenthe data does not meet assumptions of normal distribution. Thestudy also finds relatively higher risk associated with returns onthe last day of the working week in general. Negative skewness formost of the return series indicates probability of yielding loss forinvestors in the banking stocks. Volatility test proves asymmetricresults for various banking stocks. Results of the nonparametrictests also reveal significantly different median returns on variousdays of the week for these stocks. The study finds out relativelygreater risk associated with Faysal Bank, Jahangeer Siddiqui Bank,Meezan Bank, National Bank and Prime Commercial Bank onMondays. For the days in the middle of the week the risks associatedwith the banking stocks are not asymmetric. For Friday, the closingday of the week, risk in respect of Bank of Punjab, Faysal Bank,Muslim Commercial Bank and National Bank is significantly large

A case study: Effect of Unani medicinal organic hair oil on hair loss

Hair loss affects people of both genders, ages, and civilizations, and got both physical alsopsychological consequences. The goal of this clinical case research was to find out theeffectiveness as well as safety of an Unani medicinal product comprising various herbs inhealthy male with hair loss. A case was recruited in the research and treated with the herbalhair oil application by massage for 30 days. The test product was evaluated for its efficacyin enhancing hair development percentage, hair thickness, active phase of hair growing,resting stage of hair growth, the density of vellus hair, also terminal hair densityrespectively using Nabiha's Organic Hair Oil based on the Unani medicines.Dermatological and subject self-assessment questionnaires compared hair thinning withhair fall diminution to the baseline. In comparison to baseline, hair growth rate, hair density,vellus hair density along with terminal hair density all improved significantly after 30 daysapplication of test hair oil. During this study, no adverse events documented and no skinsensitivity reactions were recorded, and the test hair oil was proven dermatologically secureto use

Audit on preoperative midazolam and level of sedation

We wished to observe by carrying out a prospective clinical audit, the level of sedation and time interval of all adult elective surgery patients. We enrolled adult ASA I-III patients who came for elective surgery to the Aga Khan University Hospital preoperative surgery suite for 3 months. Hundred patients were enrolled. The majority of patients got 7.5 mg of PO Midazolam. Our median Ramsay sedation score was 2 and the Median drug to door time was 52.35 minutes. 11 patients were reportedly \u27drowsy\u27 in the recovery room one hour after surgery was completed. These were mostly the same patients who had a higher (Ramsay V) sedation score in the preoperative period (p = 0.36). There was no significant difference in the 2 midazolam dosages and the Ramsay sedation score (p = 0.12). We concluded that our sedation score is too low and our median time interval is too long making most patients coming for surgery under sedated. We recommend calling the patients in the OR suite one hour prior and the dosage being prescribed by the primary anaesthetist in order to keep this standardized

Geometrical modelling and numerical analysis of thermal behaviour of textile structures

The thermal properties of fabric are an important factor in the understanding of the thermo-physiological comfort of clothing. The principal aim of this research was to develop novel numerical methods, Graphical User Interface (GUI) plug-ins and experimental setup to evaluate the effective thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of different textile structures which has significant impact on the thermal comfort of clothing. The numerical methods also include the analysis of the effect of fibre orientation, thermal anisotropy of fibre, temperature dependent thermal conductivity and fibre volume fraction on the effective thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of textile fabrics. The research covers the development of geometrical models of woven, knitted, nonwoven and the composites fabric structures, evaluation of their thermal properties by using finite element method, creation of user friendly plug-ins and the extended application tools. Micro and mesoscopic scale modelling approaches were used to investigate the effective thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of textile structures. Various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, x-ray microtomography and experimental method have been adopted to obtain the actual 3D dimensional parameters of the fabrics for finite element analysis. Research revealed that, the thermal anisotropy of fibres, fibres material orientation and temperature dependent thermal conductivity of fibre have significant impact on the effective thermal conductivity of fabrics because experimental and simulated results were highly correlated with the consideration of above mentioned factors. In addition a unique technique has been developed in modelling fabric coated by microencapsulated phase change material for temperature stable textile and clothing system. User friendly GUI plug-ins have been developed to generate both microscopic and mesoscopic scale models for finite element analysis. The plug-ins were developed by using Abaqus/CAE as a platform. The GUI Plug-ins enable automatic model generation and property analysis of knitted fabrics and composites. Apart from finite element analysis of various fabric structures, an experimental device has been developed for testing thermal conductivity of fabrics which is capable of testing small sample size within very short period of time. The device was validated by commercial available apparatus for testing of fabric thermal conductivity

Lag and Attenuation Parameters for Routing Daily Flow Changes Through Large River Systems

The 2007 Senate Bill 3 (SB3) initiated the establishment of environmental flow standards and the incorporation of them in the Water Availability Modeling System (WAM) of Texas. This led to the creation of Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) daily modeling capabilities. The effects of water use and management actions propagate downstream to other locations of interest in water availability modeling over periods ranging from several hours to several days. Hence unlike the WRAP Monthly Simulation Model (SIM), the Daily Simulation Model (SIMD) includes routing of the effects of flow change events to downstream control points. The previously developed six case study daily WAMs use routing parameters estimated through calibration using hydrographs at upstream and downstream ends of a river reach with computations performed with a genetic search algorithm. In this research, two new methods have been developed to estimate routing parameters. 1. Wave Travel Velocity Equation: Motivated by Manning’s equation and National Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) lag time equation. This equation calculates lag time based on flow, slope, and length of the reach. 2. DFLOW program: This program calculates the lag time between upstream and downstream control points for different flow change events in a time series record, and provide statistical measures of the results. The wave travel velocity equation was applied to different reaches of the Brazos River and its tributaries and the DFLOW program was applied to the Neches, Brazos, and Trinity River Basins. Comparative analysis of different sets of routing parameters shows that lag times from the optimization-based parameters are unrealistically low for the Brazos and Neches River Basins. Lag times from DFLOW and the wave travel velocity equation are higher than optimization-based lag times and are more realistic when compared to typical average stream velocities. Simulation results using different simulation options and routing parameters were compared to gauge the sensitivity of simulation results to different routing and forecasting options. Simulation results are sensitive to different routing parameters and routing and forecasting options but do not vary dramatically for any of these options