189 research outputs found

    Dynamic Models of Religious Conformity and Conversion: Theory and Calibrations

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    This paper develops behavioral and deterministic overlapping generations models to explain and simulate changes in the proportion of secular and religious people. Under the behavioral approach, the role of the church is to generate an externality associated with the investment in enhancing the conformity rate among young believers. Under the deterministic approach, changes in the number of nonbelievers are explained by different birth rates among secular and religious parents as well as the relative proportion of nonconformists among the young in each group. This model is then used to calibrate for (non)conformity rates among secular and religious people. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - (Dynamische Modelle religiöser KonformitĂ€t und Konversion: Theorie und Simulationen) Diese Arbeit entwickelt deterministische und Verhaltensmodelle mit ĂŒberlappenden Generationen, welche die VerĂ€nderungen des ZahlenverhĂ€ltnisses von nicht religiösen zu religiösen Menschen erklĂ€ren und simulieren. Im Verhaltensansatz wird aufgezeigt, dass der Kirche die Aufgabe zukommt, einen externen Effekt zu erzeugen, der dafĂŒr sorgt, dass junge GlĂ€ubige mit der Glaubenseinstellung ihrer Eltern konform gehen. Der deterministische Ansatz erklĂ€rt die VerĂ€nderungen in der Anzahl NichtglĂ€ubiger einerseits mit den unterschiedlichen Geburtenraten unter nichtglĂ€ubigen Eltern im Vergleich zu religiösen Eltern und andererseits durch den relativen Anteil von Nichtkonformen unter der jungen Generation in jeder Gruppe. Dieses Modell wird verwandt, um (Nicht-)KonformitĂ€tsraten--nach denen junge Menschen ihren Eltern im Glauben folgen oder nicht--innerhalb der Gruppen weltlicher sowie religiöser Menschen zu berechnen.Conversion, Religious conformity, Role of the Church, Nonconformity, Nonreligious people, Religious Affiliation, Parents’ education, Believers, Nonbelievers.

    Consistent Bargaining

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    This short paper demonstrates that the equilibrium payoffs of an alternating-offers bargaining game over a unit of surplus converge to equal division provided that the parties are allowed to bargain over all the surpluses generated by the "right" to be the first to make offers. The result obtained in the present paper may provide some "justification" for other division procedures such as the divide-and-choose or the moving-knife mechanisms.Bargaining theory, Alternating offers, First-mover advantage, Equal division.

    Why do card issuers charge proportional fees?

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    This paper explains why payment card companies charge consumers and merchants fees which are proportional to the transaction values instead of charging a fixed per-transaction fee. Our theory shows that, even in the absence of any cost considerations, card companies earn much higher profit when they charge proportional fees. It is also shown that competition among merchants reduces card companies' gains from using proportional fees relative to a fixed per-transaction fee. Merchants are found to be the losers from proportional fees whereas consumer and social welfare are invariant with respect to the two types of fees. ; Also issued as a Payments System Research Working Paper.

    Stock exchange alliances, access fees and competition

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    This paper investigates the market consequences of alliance formation among stock exchanges. These alliances enable brokers to match investors internationally at their local market, thereby eliminating the need for brokers to maintain memberships in foreign stock exchanges. We sort out the conditions under which alliance formation increases profits for stock exchanges and brokers, and how changes in fee structures affect investors’ participation rates and welfare. Finally, we examine several methods for implementing access fees and their welfare implications.stock exchange alliances; access fees; competition among stock exchanges

    Advance booking, cancellations, and partial refunds

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    We develop methods for calculating profit-maximizing and socially optimal rates of partial refunds on customers' no-shows and cancellations. We demonstrate how partial refunds can be used to screen consumers according to their different probabilities of cancellation and no-shows. Finally, we show that the socially-optimal rate of partial refund exceeds the equilibrium rate of partial refund.

    Price Competition, Business Hours, and Shopping Time Flexibility

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    We analyze differentiated retail industries where shops engage in two-stage competition with respect to opening hours and prices. We explore the effects of consumers' shopping time flexibility by comparing bi-directional consumers with forward- or backward-oriented consumers, who can either postpone or advance their shopping, but not both. We demonstrate that retailers with longer opening hours charge higher prices and that opening hour differentiation softens price competition. We calculate both symmetric and asymmetric subgame perfect equilibria in closing hours and demonstrate how the equilibrium configurations depend on the cost increases associated with extended business hours, as well as the relative densities of day and night shoppers. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG - (Preiswettbewerb, Öffnungszeiten und FlexibilitĂ€t der Einkaufszeit) Wir analysieren unterschiedliche Einzelhandelsindustrien, in denen LĂ€den in einem zweistufigen Wettbewerb bezĂŒglich Öffnungszeiten und Preisen stehen. Wir erforschen die Effekte von KundenflexibilitĂ€t, indem wir völlig flexible Kunden mit vor- bzw. rĂŒckwĂ€rtsorientierten Kunden vergleichen können, welche ihren Einkauf nur vorziehen oder verschieben können, aber nicht beides. Wir zeigen, dass EinzelhĂ€ndler mit lĂ€ngeren Öffnungszeiten höhere Preise verlangen und dass die Differenzierung der Öffnungszeiten den Preiswettbewerb abschwĂ€cht. Wir berechnen sowohl symmetrische als auch unsymmetrische teilspielperfekte Gleichgewichte fĂŒr die Öffnungszeiten und zeigen, wie die Ausgestaltung der Gleichgewichte von den zusĂ€tzlichen Kosten der ausgedehnten Öffnungszeiten und der relativen Dichte von Tag- und NachteinkĂ€ufern abhĂ€ngt.Business Hours, Delayed or Advanced Shopping, Differentiated Business Hours, Price Competition, Shopping Time Flexibility.

    Dynamic models of religious conformity and conversion: theory and calibration

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    "This paper develops behavioral and deterministic overlapping generations models to explain and simulate changes in the proportion of secular and religious people. Under the behavioral approach, the role of the church is to generate an externality associated with the investment in enhancing the conformity rate among young believers. Under the deterministic approach, changes in the number of nonbelievers are explained by different birth rates among secular and religious parents as well as the relative proportion of nonconformists among the young in each group. This model is then used to calibrate for (non)conformity rates among secular and religious people." (author's abstract)"Diese Arbeit entwickelt deterministische und Verhaltensmodelle mit ĂŒberlappenden Generationen, welche die VerĂ€nderungen des ZahlenverhĂ€ltnisses von nicht religiösen zu religiösen Menschen erklĂ€ren und simulieren. Im Verhaltensansatz wird aufgezeigt, dass der Kirche die Aufgabe zukommt, einen externen Effekt zu erzeugen, der dafĂŒr sorgt, dass junge GlĂ€ubige mit der Glaubenseinstellung ihrer Eltern konform gehen. Der deterministische Ansatz erklĂ€rt die VerĂ€nderungen in der Anzahl NichtglĂ€ubiger einerseits mit den unterschiedlichen Geburtenraten unter nichtglĂ€ubigen Eltern im Vergleich zu religiösen Eltern und andererseits durch den relativen Anteil von Nichtkonformen unter der jungen Generation in jeder Gruppe. Dieses Modell wird verwandt, um (Nicht-)KonformitĂ€tsraten - nach denen junge Menschen ihren Eltern im Glauben folgen oder nicht - innerhalb der Gruppen weltlicher sowie religiöser Menschen zu berechnen." (Autorenreferat

    Relative Market Share, Leadership and Competition in Concentrated Banking Markets.

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    For many years IO economists devoted attention to the size distributions’ of firms in a given industry. Most studies showed that the size distribution of firms in oligopolistic markets is highly skewed. There are many small firms and a few large firms. There is also a consensus that relative market shares are important and that large firms are, in general, more profitable and durable than small firms. Relative size is also important as a determinant of the structure of the industry. The concept is also central in strategic analysis of business firms and in the formulation of government (regulatory) policy. In this paper we propose to use an empirical measure of market leadership. The measure relies on the assumption that the degree of competition critically depends on how dominant the leading firm is in a given industry. The measure also takes into account the number of “significant” competitors in the market and how close they are to the leading firm in terms of size. The measure is simple to use and easy to interpret. It also yields a critical value that facilitates comparisons between different markets.

    Refunds and Collusion

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    Price competition, business hours, and shopping time flexibility

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    "Wir analysieren unterschiedliche Einzelhandelsindustrien, in denen LĂ€den in einem zweistufigen Wettbewerb bezĂŒglich Öffnungszeiten und Preisen stehen. Wir erforschen die Effekte von KundenflexibilitĂ€t, indem wir völlig flexible Kunden mit vor- bzw. rĂŒckwĂ€rtsorientierten Kunden vergleichen können, welche ihren Einkauf nur vorziehen oder verschieben können, aber nicht beides. Wir zeigen, dass EinzelhĂ€ndler mit lĂ€ngeren Öffnungszeiten höhere Preise verlangen und dass die Differenzierung der Öffnungszeiten den Preiswettbewerb abschwĂ€cht. Wir berechnen sowohl symmetrische als auch unsymmetrische teilspielperfekte Gleichgewichte fĂŒr die Öffnungszeiten und zeigen, wie die Ausgestaltung der Gleichgewichte von den zusĂ€tzlichen Kosten der ausgedehnten Öffnungszeiten und der relativen Dichte von Tag- und NachteinkĂ€ufern abhĂ€ngt." (Autorenreferat)"We analyze differentiated retail industries where shops engage in two-stage competition with respect to opening hours and prices. We explore the effects of consumers' shopping time flexibility by comparing bi-directional consumers with forward- or backward-oriented consumers, who can either postpone or advance their shopping, but not both. We demonstrate that retailers with longer opening hours charge higher prices and that opening hour differentiation softens price competition. We calculate both symmetric and asymmetric subgame perfect equilibria in closing hours and demonstrate how the equilibrium configurations depend on the cost increases associated with extended business hours, as well as the relative densities of day and night shoppers." (author's abstract
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