A two-dimensional (2D) potential distribution model for the short gate-length ion-implanted GaAs mesfets under dark and illuminated conditions

An analytical 2D model to predict the potential distribution of short-channel ionimplanted GaAs MESFETs has been presented. The 2D potential distribution in the channel of the short-channel device has been obtained by solving the 2D Poisson’s equation in conjunction with suitable boundary conditions using superposition method. The remarkable feature of the proposed model is that the implanted doping profile has been treated in completely analytical manner. A double-integrable Gaussian-like function has been assumed as the doping distribution profile in the vertical direction of the channel. The effects of excess carrier generation due to the incident optical radiation in channel region have been included in the Poisson’s equation to study the optical effects on the device. The photovoltage developed across the gate metal has also been modeled. The proposed model has been verified by comparing the theoretically predicted results with simulated data obtained by using the commercially available ATLASTM2D device simulator. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/2785

Training on an Appetitive (Delay)-Conditioning Task Enhances Oscillatory Waves During Sleep in the Cortical and Amygdalar Network

Oscillating waves during sleep play an essential role in memory consolidation. The cortical slow wave activity (SWA) and sigma waves during NREM sleep and theta waves during REM sleep increase after a variety of memory tasks including declarative, procedural and associative learning tasks. These oscillatory waves during sleep help to promote neural dialog between circuitries, which possibly plays a causal role in memory consolidation. However, the role of sleep-associated oscillating waves in a complex appetitive-conditioning paradigm is not clear. The parietal cortex and amygdala are involved in the cognitive evaluation of the environmental stimuli, and appetitive conditioning. Here, we have studied the changes in sleep architecture and oscillatory waves during NREM and REM sleep in the parietal cortices and amygdalar-local field potential (A-LFP) after appetitive-conditioning in the rat. We observed that REM sleep increased significantly after appetitive conditioning, which significantly positively correlated with performance on the appetitive-conditioning task. Further, the cortical SWA (0.1–4.5 Hz), and sigma (12–14.25 Hz) waves during NREM sleep, theta (6–9 Hz) waves during REM sleep, the amygdalar SWA (0.1–3.75 Hz) during NREM sleep and theta (6–8.25 Hz) waves during REM sleep significantly increased after appetitive conditioning. Interestingly, the augmented oscillatory waves significantly positively correlated with the performances on the appetitive-conditioning task. Our results suggest that the augmented REM sleep after conditioning may be required for the consolidation of appetitive-conditioned memory. Further, a significant correlation between augmented power in oscillatory waves during sleep and performance suggesting that these waves may be playing a crucial role in the consolidation of appetitive-conditioned memory

REASSESSING THE ROLE OF HOMOCYSTEINE AND HOLOTRANSCOBALAMIN LEVELS IN DIAGNOSING VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY ANEMIA

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to irreversible neurological damage, megaloblastic anemia, osteoporosis, cerebrovascular, and cardiovascular diseases, and thus, early diagnosis is essential. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess homocysteine (Hcy) and holotranscobalamine (HoloTC) levels among patients with Vitamin B12 deficiency and to see if Hcy and HoloTC level assay can help us in diagnosis of Vitamin B12 deficiency. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional observational study on 60 patients of Sr. B12 deficient male and female patients between the ages of 18 and 65 years in IPD and OPD patients at multispecialty hospital. Data were collected from predefined pro forma and were asked about their diet, socioeconomic status, and history. Then, these patients further undergone anthropometric measurements and investigated for Hcy and HoloTC level. The statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SSPS) software (version 11). Results: About 60% of cases were vegetarian and 40% of cases were non-vegetarian. Mean age of study participants was 43.67 years, mean of mean cellular volume was 90.7 fl, mean of B12 was 138 pmol/L, mean of HoloTC was 60.84 pmol/L, and mean of Hcy was 34.17 umol/L. Out of 60 patients, 10 patients had anemia, 21 patients had neurological manifestation, and 29 patients had gastrointestinal (GI) manifestation. In male group, out of 32, 11 patients had HoloTC <8.9, 19 patients had value between 8.9 and 128, and two patients had HoloTC more than 128. In female group, out of 28, seven patients had HoloTC <8.9, 14 patients had value between 8.9 and 128, and seven patients had HoloTC >128. In group of 32 male patients, none of male patients showed Hcy value <5.9, four patients showed Hcy between 5.9 and 16, and 28 patients showed Hcy value >16. Out of 28 female patients, none of female patients showed Hcy <3.36, nine patients showed Hcy between 3.36 and 20.4, and 19 patients showed Hcy >20.4. p <0.001 is highly statistically significant. Conclusion: In our study, we found that 31.33% of cases also showed decreased HoloTC along with B12 deficiency, but this correlation was statistically insignificant. We also found that 78.33% of cases showed increased Hcy along with serum B12 deficiency, which was statistically significant, so we concluded that there is a strong association between serum B12 and Hcy. We found that all patients with elevated Hcy also had low HoloTC except in two cases, but this correlation was not found to be statistically significant

Analytical Modelling and Simulation of Highly Sensitive n- RADFET Dosimeter

In the present paper, we have developed a model of a n-RADFET dosimeter device. Moreover, the study has addressed the effects of ionizing radiation on the surface potential and threshold voltage characteristics of the device. In addition, a detailed simulation analysis of the device has been conducted to obtain some further results. The study indicated that high sensitivity can be obtained for RADFET using n-MOSFET device. The results are expected to benefit in establishing the effectiveness of n-RADFET device as a dosimeter

Identifying the Critical Domain of LL-37 Involved in Mediating Neutrophil Activation in the Presence of Influenza Virus: Functional and Structural Analysis.

The human cathelicidin LL-37 has been shown to play a role in host defense against influenza A viruses (IAV) through direct antiviral effects and through modulating inflammatory responses to infection. We recently showed that LL-37 increases neutrophil respiratory burst and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) responses to IAV through engaging formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR-2). In this paper we show that a fragment of LL-37, GI-20, which is composed of the central helical segment of the peptide, has similar effects as LL-37 on neutrophil activation. In addition to increasing respiratory burst and NET responses of the cells to IAV through an FPR-2 dependent mechanism, it reduces neutrophil IL-8 production to IAV (also like LL-37). The N-terminal fragment, LL-23, did not have similar effects. Both GI-20 and LL-37 increase neutrophil intracellular calcium levels and their ability to increase neutrophil activation responses was calcium dependent and partially inhibited by pertussis toxin. These studies show that the central helix of LL-37 retains the ability of LL-37 to modulate neutrophil responses through FPR-2. Based on our findings we developed a homology model of FPR-2 and performed docking experiments of LL-37 and GI-20 with the receptor

Activation of aerial oxygen to superoxide radical by carbon nano tube of aerosol trapped in indoor spider web

Domestic spider webs trap partly burnt combustion contaminants in indoor floating aerosols. These are shown to possess defective carbon nanotube particulates containing very stable carbon centred free radical. When inhaled the carbon radical readily activates aerial oxygen to superoxide radical, thus demonstrating the possibility of spontaneous intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species in intact cells

A comparative study of Kigelia pinnata fruit extracts in terms of antimutagenic potential and antimicrobial efficacy against antibiotic-resistant microbial strains

224-233In recent years, antibiotic-resistant microbes have become a serious concern which needs proper attention either to solve the problem or to find out the solution to treat it. In this study, antibiotic resistant strains of Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used to assess the antimicrobial potential of Kigelia pinnata fruit extract. Further, antimutagenic potential of Kigelia pinnata fruit extract was also assessed by Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA 98 and TA 100. In antimicrobial assay, only chloroform, ethanol and hexane extract was found to produce clear zone diameter between 1.08±0.1 to 2.1±0.2 mm. Results of minimum inhibitory concentration revealed the effectiveness of chloroform extract on Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and E.coli at 1.8 mg/mL concentration. However, better antimicrobial activity was found with ethanol extracts at 2.1x10-2 mg/mL concentration revealing the effectiveness of the low dose of ethanol in killing the antimicrobial resistant strains. In the time-kill test method, chloroform extract of K. pinnata was found to be most effective in reducing 98-99% test microbial population at both dilutions in 30 min. Antimutagenicity test showed the equal potential of chloroform and ethanol extracted Kigelia fruit sample in reducing the number of revertants. Kigelia fruit extract (1000 μL) dose can reduce the mutagens at 5 μg/plate level but not at 10 μg/plate dose level. Further research will open the new scope in the field of development of herbal antimicrobials and antimutagenic compound for treating antibiotic-resistant microbes and cancer

Alzheimer's Associated β-Amyloid Protein Inhibits Influenza A Virus and Modulates Viral Interactions with Phagocytes

Accumulation of β-Amyloid (βA) is a key pathogenetic factor in Alzheimer's disease; however, the normal function of βA is unknown. Recent studies have shown that βA can inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi. In this paper we show that βA also inhibits replication of seasonal and pandemic strains of H3N2 and H1N1 influenza A virus (IAV) in vitro. The 42 amino acid fragment of βA (βA42) had greater activity than the 40 amino acid fragment. Direct incubation of the virus with βA42 was needed to achieve optimal inhibition. Using quantitative PCR assays βA42 was shown to reduce viral uptake by epithelial cells after 45 minutes and to reduce supernatant virus at 24 hours post infection. βA42 caused aggregation of IAV particles as detected by light transmission assays and electron and confocal microscopy. βA42 did not stimulate neutrophil H2O2 production or extracellular trap formation on its own, but it increased both responses stimulated by IAV. In addition, βA42 increased uptake of IAV by neutrophils. βA42 reduced viral protein synthesis in monocytes and reduced IAV-induced interleukin-6 production by these cells. Hence, we demonstrate for the first time that βA has antiviral activity and modulates viral interactions with phagocytes

A Two-Dimensional (2D) Analytical Model for Sub-threshold Current and Sub-threshold Swing for Short Channel Triple Material Gate-Double Halo (TMG-DH) DG MOSFET

In this work, an analytical model for sub-threshold conduction parameters has been demonstrated for short- channel Triple Material Gate-Double Halo (TMG-DH) DG MOSFET. For sub-threshold current and sub-threshold swing models, we have utilized drift-diffusion current density equation with virtual cathode concept of DG MOSFETs. The influence of double halo technique over gate length ratio of the three channel regions under three dissimilar gate materials of the device has been investigated in depth in terms of sub-threshold current and sub-threshold swing. Also, the reliance of sub-threshold current and sub-threshold swing on different device constraints has been scrutinized. Furthermore, the problem solving capability of (TMG-DH) DG MOS device over short channel effect (SCE) has been emphasized. Using ATLASTM Silvaco tool, verification of theoretical results has been performed with respect to the proposed model