Prosedur penyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah dalam rangka meminimalisir resiko di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang

Permasalah kehidupan perekonomian yang sulit, membuat masyarakat berinisiatif untuk membuka usaha sendiri. Mereka membutuhkan suatu bantuan berupa dana untuk memperlancar usahanya, maka BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang ikut untuk mengembangkan produknya yaitu pembiayaan mudharabah sesuai perkembangan dunia perbankan dalam target peningkatan keuntungan dan menyejahterakan masyarakat. Dengan diberikanya pembiayaan tersebut, terkadang muncul adanya pembiayaan bermasalah dikarenakan ada beberapa faktor diantaranya ketidakmampuan anggota untuk membayar tepat waktu atau jatuh tempo pembayaran diakibatkan karena usaha anggota yang kurang lancar dan lain sebagaianya. Tugas Akhir ini berjudul “ Prosedur Penyelesaian Pembiayaan Bermasalah pada Akad Mudharabah Dalam Rangka Meminimalisir Risiko” Berdasarkan judul tersebut dapat diambil rumusan masalah yaitu apa penyebab terjadinya pembiayaan bermasalah pada BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang dan bagaimana prosedur penyelesaian pembiayaaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dimana sumber data yang digunakan berasal dari data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh melalui metode wawancara dengan manajer, bagian pembiayaan dan dokumentasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan secara sistematis dan akurat mengenai objek penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyebab terjadinya pembiayaan bermasalah yaitu faktor internal meliputi kurang telitinya petugas BMT dalam menganalisi data calon anggota, kurang disiplinya dalam penagihan dan eksternal meliputi karakter anggota yang kurang baik, usahanya bangkrut dan terjadinya bencana alam yang tidak terduga. Adapun prosesdur yang digunakan BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia dalam menyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah dengan cara kekeluargaan atau musyawarah dengan anggota, penjadwalan kembali (rescheduling), persyaratan kembali (reconditioning), pengambilan jaminan (eksekusi), dan write off final. Di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia dalam penyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah jarang menngunakan jalur hukum, tetapi sering menggunakan cara kekeluargaan yang dianggap lebih efektif dan eksekusi jaminan apabila anggota tersebut sudah mengalami macet atau bermasalah

Table_1_Effects of three different probiotics of Tibetan sheep origin and their complex probiotics on intestinal damage, immunity, and immune signaling pathways of mice infected with Clostridium perfringens type C.DOCX

Tibetan sheep have unique intestinal microorganisms in their intestines that are adapted to the highland alpine and anoxic environment. To further clarify the probiotic properties of Tibetan sheep-derived probiotics, we selected three Tibetan sheep-derived probiotic isolates (Enterococcus faecalis EF1-mh, Bacillus subtilis BS1-ql, and Lactobacillus sakei LS-ql) to investigate the protective mechanisms of monocultures and their complex strains against Clostridium perfringens type C infection in mice. We established a model of C. perfringens type C infection and used histology and molecular biology to analyze the effects and mechanisms of different probiotic treatments on mice after C. perfringens type C infection. After supplementation with either probiotics or complex probiotics, mice were improved in terms of weight reduction and reduced the levels of cytokines in serum and increased the levels of intestinal sIgA, and supplementation with complex probiotics was effective. In addition, both probiotic and complex probiotic supplementation effectively improved the damage of intestinal mucosa and spleen tissue. The relative expressions of Muc 2, Claudin-1, and Occludin genes were increased in the ileum. The three probiotics and the compound probiotics treatment significantly reduced the relative mRNA expression of toll-like/MyD88/NF-κB/MAPK. The effect of probiotic treatment was similar to the results of engramycin treatment, but the effect of engramycin treatment on intestinal sIgA was not significant. Our results clarify the immunomodulatory effects of the three probiotic isolates and the complex probiotics on C. perfringens infection, and the repair of the intestinal mucosal barrier.</p

Table_2_Effects of three different probiotics of Tibetan sheep origin and their complex probiotics on intestinal damage, immunity, and immune signaling pathways of mice infected with Clostridium perfringens type C.XLSX

Tibetan sheep have unique intestinal microorganisms in their intestines that are adapted to the highland alpine and anoxic environment. To further clarify the probiotic properties of Tibetan sheep-derived probiotics, we selected three Tibetan sheep-derived probiotic isolates (Enterococcus faecalis EF1-mh, Bacillus subtilis BS1-ql, and Lactobacillus sakei LS-ql) to investigate the protective mechanisms of monocultures and their complex strains against Clostridium perfringens type C infection in mice. We established a model of C. perfringens type C infection and used histology and molecular biology to analyze the effects and mechanisms of different probiotic treatments on mice after C. perfringens type C infection. After supplementation with either probiotics or complex probiotics, mice were improved in terms of weight reduction and reduced the levels of cytokines in serum and increased the levels of intestinal sIgA, and supplementation with complex probiotics was effective. In addition, both probiotic and complex probiotic supplementation effectively improved the damage of intestinal mucosa and spleen tissue. The relative expressions of Muc 2, Claudin-1, and Occludin genes were increased in the ileum. The three probiotics and the compound probiotics treatment significantly reduced the relative mRNA expression of toll-like/MyD88/NF-κB/MAPK. The effect of probiotic treatment was similar to the results of engramycin treatment, but the effect of engramycin treatment on intestinal sIgA was not significant. Our results clarify the immunomodulatory effects of the three probiotic isolates and the complex probiotics on C. perfringens infection, and the repair of the intestinal mucosal barrier.</p

Table_3_Effects of three different probiotics of Tibetan sheep origin and their complex probiotics on intestinal damage, immunity, and immune signaling pathways of mice infected with Clostridium perfringens type C.XLSX

Tibetan sheep have unique intestinal microorganisms in their intestines that are adapted to the highland alpine and anoxic environment. To further clarify the probiotic properties of Tibetan sheep-derived probiotics, we selected three Tibetan sheep-derived probiotic isolates (Enterococcus faecalis EF1-mh, Bacillus subtilis BS1-ql, and Lactobacillus sakei LS-ql) to investigate the protective mechanisms of monocultures and their complex strains against Clostridium perfringens type C infection in mice. We established a model of C. perfringens type C infection and used histology and molecular biology to analyze the effects and mechanisms of different probiotic treatments on mice after C. perfringens type C infection. After supplementation with either probiotics or complex probiotics, mice were improved in terms of weight reduction and reduced the levels of cytokines in serum and increased the levels of intestinal sIgA, and supplementation with complex probiotics was effective. In addition, both probiotic and complex probiotic supplementation effectively improved the damage of intestinal mucosa and spleen tissue. The relative expressions of Muc 2, Claudin-1, and Occludin genes were increased in the ileum. The three probiotics and the compound probiotics treatment significantly reduced the relative mRNA expression of toll-like/MyD88/NF-κB/MAPK. The effect of probiotic treatment was similar to the results of engramycin treatment, but the effect of engramycin treatment on intestinal sIgA was not significant. Our results clarify the immunomodulatory effects of the three probiotic isolates and the complex probiotics on C. perfringens infection, and the repair of the intestinal mucosal barrier.</p

Table_4_Effects of three different probiotics of Tibetan sheep origin and their complex probiotics on intestinal damage, immunity, and immune signaling pathways of mice infected with Clostridium perfringens type C.XLSX

Tibetan sheep have unique intestinal microorganisms in their intestines that are adapted to the highland alpine and anoxic environment. To further clarify the probiotic properties of Tibetan sheep-derived probiotics, we selected three Tibetan sheep-derived probiotic isolates (Enterococcus faecalis EF1-mh, Bacillus subtilis BS1-ql, and Lactobacillus sakei LS-ql) to investigate the protective mechanisms of monocultures and their complex strains against Clostridium perfringens type C infection in mice. We established a model of C. perfringens type C infection and used histology and molecular biology to analyze the effects and mechanisms of different probiotic treatments on mice after C. perfringens type C infection. After supplementation with either probiotics or complex probiotics, mice were improved in terms of weight reduction and reduced the levels of cytokines in serum and increased the levels of intestinal sIgA, and supplementation with complex probiotics was effective. In addition, both probiotic and complex probiotic supplementation effectively improved the damage of intestinal mucosa and spleen tissue. The relative expressions of Muc 2, Claudin-1, and Occludin genes were increased in the ileum. The three probiotics and the compound probiotics treatment significantly reduced the relative mRNA expression of toll-like/MyD88/NF-κB/MAPK. The effect of probiotic treatment was similar to the results of engramycin treatment, but the effect of engramycin treatment on intestinal sIgA was not significant. Our results clarify the immunomodulatory effects of the three probiotic isolates and the complex probiotics on C. perfringens infection, and the repair of the intestinal mucosal barrier.</p

Structure Based Substrate Specificity Analysis of Heparan Sulfate 6‑<i>O</i>‑Sulfotransferases

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a sulfated polysaccharide exhibiting essential physiological functions. HS 6-<i>O</i>-sulfotransferase (6-OST) transfers a sulfo group to the 6-OH position of glucosamine units to confer a variety of HS biological activities. There are three different isoforms of 6-OST in the human genome. Here, we report crystal structures of the ternary complex of 6-OST with the sulfo donor analog 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphate and three different oligosaccharide substrates at 1.95 to 2.1 Å resolutions. Structural and mutational analyses reveal amino acid residues that contribute to catalysis and substrate recognition of 6-OST. Unexpectedly, the structures reveal 6-OST engages HS in a completely different orientation than other HS sulfotransferases and sheds light on the basic HS requirements for specificity. These findings also contribute structural information to understand mutations in human 6-OST isoform 1 associated with the human genetic disease idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism characterized by incomplete or lack of puberty

Table_1_Vitamin D status and its associations with bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, and parathyroid hormone in Chinese postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis.docx

BackgroundVitamin D is a key factor in bone metabolism, yet vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are prevalent among postmenopausal women, with potential repercussions on bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers (BTMs), and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Nonetheless, the findings from existing studies exhibit inconsistency, and a notable gap exists in the availability of large-scale investigations.MethodsIn this real-world study, 8,532 postmenopausal women over 50 years old with a diagnosis of osteopenia (50.9%) and osteoporosis (49.1%) at the first visit were enrolled in this study. Serum 25(OH)D level, PTH, osteocalcin (OC) and Beta-CrossLaps of type 1 collagen containing cross-linked C-telopeptide (β-CTX), were measured. BMD at all sites, including the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip were obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The associations of serum 25(OH)D level with BMDs and BTMs were investigated using spearman correlation analysis and analysis of general linear model adjusted by age and body mass index.ResultsThe serum 25(OH)D level was 22.17 ± 9.75 ng/mL among all patients included in this study. For the osteopenia group, the serum 25(OH)D level was 22.40 ± 9.41 ng/mL, while for the osteoporosis group, it measured 21.93 ± 10.08 ng/mL. In the osteopenia group, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency was 45.8, 34.6, and 19.6%, respectively, which was close to that of the osteoporosis group (47.4, 34.3, and 18.3%) (p = 0.202). Spearman correlation analysis unveiled negative associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and both BTMs and PTH within both the osteopenia and osteoporosis group. In the osteoporosis group, there were positive correlations between 25(OH)D levels and femoral neck BMD (r = 0.040, p = 0.010) and total hip BMD (r = 0.053, p = 0.001). Furthermore, we found that for the osteopenia group, greater vitamin D levels were associated with greater femoral neck BMD (p = 0.020) and total hip BMD (p = 0.008) and lower β-CTX (p ConclusionThis study showed high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in Chinese postmenopausal women with osteopenia and osteoporosis and the relationships between vitamin D and BMD, BTMs and PTH. The results contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of how vitamin D may impact bone health.</p