In Search of the Consequence Severity of Traffic Conflict

Currently, many studies on the severity of traffic conflicts only considered the possibility of potential collisions but ignored the consequences severity of potential collisions. Aiming toward this defect, this study establishes a potential collision (serious conflict) consequences severity model on the basis of vehicle collision theory. Regional vehicles trajectory data and historical traffic accident data were obtained. The field data were brought into the conflict consequences severity model to calculate the conflict severity rate of each section under different TTC thresholds. For comparison, the traditional conflict rate of each section under different TTC thresholds that considered only the number of conflicts was also calculated. Results showed that the relationship between conflict severity rate and influencing factors was somehow different. The conflict severity rate seemed to have a higher correlation with accident rate and accident severity rate than conflict rate did. The TTC threshold value also affected the correlation between conflicts and accidents, with high and low TTC threshold indicating a lower correlation. The results showed that conflict severity rate that considered each single conflict consequence severity was a little better than the traditional conflict rate that considered only the numbers of conflicts in reflecting real risks as a new conflict evaluation indicator. The severity of traffic conflicts should consider two dimensions: the possibility and consequence of potential collisions. Based on this, we propose a new traffic safety evaluation method that takes into account the severity of the consequences of the conflict. More data and prediction models are needed to conduct more realistic and complex research in the future to ensure reliability of this new method

Application of clinico-radiologic-pathologic diagnosis of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in children in China.

UNLABELLED:Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in children (chDPLD) or interstitial lung diseases in children (chILD) represent a heterogeneous group of respiratory disorders that are mostly chronic and associated with high morbidity and mortality. However, the incidence of chDPLD is so low that most pediatricians lack sufficient knowledge of chDPLD, especially in China. Based on the clinico-radiologic-pathologic (CRP) diagnosis, we tried to describe (1) the characteristics of chDPLD and (2) the ratio of each constituent of chDPLD in China. Data were evaluated, including clinical, radiographic, and pathologic results from lung biopsies. We collected 25 cases of chDPLD, 18 boys and 7 girls with a median age of 6.0 years, from 16 hospitals in China. The most common manifestations included cough (n = 24), dyspnea (n = 21), and fever (n = 4). There were three cases of exposure-related interstitial lung disease (ILD), three cases of systemic disease-associated ILD, nineteen cases of alveolar structure disorder-associated ILD, and no cases of ILD specific to infancy. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia (n = 9) was the two largest groups. CONCLUSION:Non-specific interstitial pneumonia is the main categories of chDPLD in China. Lung biopsy is always a crucial step in the final diagnosis. However, clinical and imaging studies should be carefully evaluated for their value in indicating a specific chDPLD

The clinico-radiologic-pathologic data of children with diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (chDPLD).

<p>F, female; M, male; m, months; RVD, restrictive ventilatory dysfunction; MVD, mixed ventilatory dysfunction; GGO, ground glass opacity; PAP, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis; EAA, extrinsic allergic alveolitis; PAM, pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis; AIP, acute interstitial pneumonia; LIP, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia; NSIP, non-specific interstitial pneumonia; BOOP, bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia; AIP, acute interstitial pneumonia.</p><p>The clinico-radiologic-pathologic data of children with diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (chDPLD).</p

Classification of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in children (chDPLD).

<p>ANCA: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies;</p><p>SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus;</p><p>AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.</p><p>Classification of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in children (chDPLD).</p

Chest tomography (CT) images and pathology results of several cases.

<p>1A: The CT shows a paving stone sign and air bronchograms in patients with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (case 2 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0116930#pone.0116930.t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>). 1B: Under light microscopy, the case of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (case 2) shows evidence of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material filling the alveoli. Interstitial cell infiltrates, including lymphocytes and plasma cells with type II cell hyperplasia, are found. 2A: Multiple thin-walled cysts are seen in the subpleural region in the CT image of lipoid pneumonia (case 6). 2B: Light microscopy of lipoid pneumonia (case 6) shows a large amount of cholesterol crystallization in the alveolar spaces with lymphoid follicles in the alveolar septa. 3A: The CT image of non-specific interstitial pneumonia (case 15) shows reticulation on the background of ground glass opacity and interlobular septal thickening. 3B: A typical pathology picture of cellular non-specific interstitial pneumonia (case 15). The lungs are uniformly involved. Interstitial chronic inflammation consists of lymphocytes and plasma cells. 4A: On the background of ground glass opacity, thin-walled cysts are scattered in the lung fields (case 20, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia). 4B: In case 20, dense interstitial lymphoid infiltrates, including lymphocytes and plasma cells with type II cell hyperplasia, are observed. The alveolar septal interstitium is expanded by fibrosis. Lymphoid follicles are present. 5A: In case 24, a case of acute interstitial pneumonia, a patchy high-density shadow and bronchograms are seen in the CT image. 5B: Case 24 exhibits diffuse alveolar damage by light microscopy. The alveolar septal interstitium is expanded. Fibroblast proliferation and hyaline membrane disease are shown.</p