Thermally and optically functionalized titania nanoparticles for pH sensing

Owing to the sensing applications, titania nanoparticles (TNPs) are synthesized by sol-gel route at low temperature (80 °C). For pH sensing response, four different pH dyes (phenol red, bromophenol blue, cresol red, and phenolphthalein) mixture is immobilized within TNPs. Thermal and structural behaviour of synthesized TNPs is observed by Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Thermally stable co-dyes immobilized TNPs confirms void-free surface morphology with heterogeneous chemical bonding. Furthermore, prepared sensing device has linear response with determination coefficient (R2) ∼ 0.97 and sensitivity is calculated as ∼154 I/pH at 431 nm. The response is optimized at pH 11

Structural and dielectric properties of boron-doped and un-doped mullite thin films

A sol–gel technique being simple, low cost and application oriented has been used to synthesize doped and un-doped mullite sols. These films have been spin-coated onto copper substrates. Effect of boron doping on the transformation kinetics of mullite was studied by preparing two sols with ratio Al/Si/B = 3/1/0 and Al/Si/B = 3/1/0.5. Surface morphology of thermally stable films showed uniformity in doped and un-doped samples. X-ray diffractometer results revealed orthorhombic mullite formation from both sols at a temperature of 500 °C for un-doped and at 350 °C for doped mullite films. Small crystallite size ~11 nm and low dielectric value ~5.84 (at 3 MHz) were observed in boron-doped films. Un-doped mullite films also showed relatively low dielectric constant, ~6.36, as compared to the previously reported values. The stoichiometry of films was confirmed by EDX and spark source mass spectrometry

3-(Propan-2-yl­oxy)-1,2-benzothia­zole 1,1-dioxide

In the title compound, C10H11NO3S, the benzisothia­zole ring system is almost planar [maximum deviation = 0.030 (1) Å for the S atom]. The isoprop­oxy group is almost in the plane of the benzisothia­zole ring system [N—C—O—C = 4.5 (2)°] with one of its methyl groups in an anti­periplanar orientation relative to the benzisothia­zole ring system [C—C—O—C = −162.0 (2)°]

2,5-Dichloro-N-cyclo­hexyl­benzene­sulfonamide

The structure of the title sulfonamide, C12H15Cl2NO2S, features a distorted tetra­hedral geometry for the S atom [maximum deviation: O—S—O = 120.23 (14)°]. One of the sulfonamide O atoms is coplanar with the benzene ring [C—C—S—O torsion angle = −174.5 (2)°], whereas the other lies well above the plane [C—C—S—O = 57.0 (3)°]. A chair conformation is found for the cyclo­hexyl ring. In the crystal, supra­molecular chains aligned along the c axis are formed via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds; these are consolidated in the three-dimensional packing by C—H⋯O contacts involving the second sulfonamide O atom

4-Chloro-N-cyclo­hexyl­benzene­sulfonamide

The title compound, C12H16ClNO2S, adopts an L-shaped conformation, with the central C—S—N—C torsion angle being −78.0 (2)°. The cyclo­hexyl ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, adjacent mol­ecules are connected by pairs of N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds around an inversion centre, forming cyclic dimers [graph set R 2 2(8)]

Transition from saturable absorption to reverse saturable absorption of carmoisine dye under low-powered continuous wave laser excitation

Unique nonlinear optics (NLO) properties i.e. intensity-dependent nonlinear absorption and refraction of carmoisine (food dye) is studied using a single beam z-scan technique. A switchover behavior from a saturable absorption (SA) to reverse saturable absorption (RSA) is observed by increasing concentration of carmoisine dye. The flip in the absorption response is attributed to the aggregated dye molecules under intense laser beam, which induces the formation of carmoisine dimers. In the UV–Vis absorption analysis, the appearance of two bands at higher concentration confirms the formation of carmoisine dimers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests the intermolecular charge transfer (ICT) within the naphtyl-azo bonds. Huge magnitude of χ(3) is calculated in the order of 10−5 esu due to ICT process within the dye molecules. Optical limiting (OL) behavior is observed with low OL action threshold ∼0.01 kW/cm2 under continuous wave laser beam. The experimental findings shows that carmoisine dye has potential as an optical material for photonics applications such as an optical limiter under low-powered continuous wave laser

Stimulated Ag nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation for breast cancer treatment

N

N-Cyclo­hexyl-4-meth­oxy­benzene­sulfonamide

In the title mol­ecule, C13H19NO3S, the S atom has a distorted tetra­hedral geometry with an O—S—O bond angle of 120.39 (18)°. The cyclo­hexane ring has a chair conformation. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag hydrogen-bonded chains directed along the c axis

Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed