Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in European Wildlife

Staphylococcus aureus is a well-known colonizer and cause of infection among animals and it has been described from numerous domestic and wild animal species. The aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus in a convenience sample of European wildlife and to review what previously has been observed in the subject field. 124 S. aureus isolates were collected from wildlife in Germany, Austria and Sweden; they were characterized by DNA microarray hybridization and, for isolates with novel hybridization patterns, by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The isolates were assigned to 29 clonal complexes and singleton sequence types (CC1, CC5, CC6, CC7, CC8, CC9, CC12, CC15, CC22, CC25, CC30, CC49, CC59, CC88, CC97, CC130, CC133, CC398, ST425, CC599, CC692, CC707, ST890, CC1956, ST2425, CC2671, ST2691, CC2767 and ST2963), some of which (ST2425, ST2691, ST2963) were not described previously. Resistance rates in wildlife strains were rather low and mecA-MRSA isolates were rare (n = 6). mecC-MRSA (n = 8) were identified from a fox, a fallow deer, hares and hedgehogs. The common cattle- associated lineages CC479 and CC705 were not detected in wildlife in the present study while, in contrast, a third common cattle lineage, CC97, was found to be common among cervids. No Staphylococcus argenteus or Staphylococcus schweitzeri-like isolates were found. Systematic studies are required to monitor the possible transmission of human- and livestock- associated S. aureus/MRSA to wildlife and vice versa as well as the possible transmission, by unprotected contact to animals. The prevalence of S. aureus/MRSA in wildlife as well as its population structures in different wildlife host species warrants further investigation

Assessment Of Hygienic Quality Of Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Milk In Khartoum State, Sudan

A total of 112 individual camel milk samples were collected during the period from December 2004 to June 2005 to evaluate the hygienic quality of raw camel milk in two locations of Khartoum State, Sudan. To achieve this the following microbiological counts were done: total bacterial counts, mesophilic counts, psychrotrophic count, coliform counts, E. coli counts, total Staphylococcus spp. counts and yeast- mold counts. Nonsignificant differences were reported when comparing the two locations in total bacterial counts, mesophilic counts and yeast- mold counts. Eastern Nile scored significantly (P= 0.05) high coliform counts, E. coli counts and Staphylococcus spp. counts. Of the 112 camel milk samples E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. and yeast- mold were reported in 33 (29.5%), 46 (41%) and 32 (28.6%) camel milk samples, respectively. Moreover, psychrotrophic bacteria were not reported during this study, which can be explained by the lack of cooling facilities among the nomadic communities. Despite of it is been the major stable food for the pastoralists, the overall result obtained from the current study suggested that raw camel milk is of poor quality with presence of great variability among the milk samples regarding the hygienic quality. However, no outbreak causes reported by the consumption of raw camel milk among the pastoralist in Sudan.Au total, 112 échantillons de lait de dromadaire ont été collectés entre décembre 2004 et juin 2005, afin d\'évaluer la qualité hygiénique du lait cru de dromadaire dans deux localités de l\'Etat de Khartoum au Soudan. Pour ce faire, on a effectué les comptages des flores microbiologiques ci-après : le dénombrement total de bactéries, d\'organismes mésophiliques, de bactéries psychrotrophiques et coliformes, les nombres d\'E. coli, de Staphylococcus spp. et de champignons. Aucune différence significative n\'a été constatée en comparant les deux localités en ce qui concerne le dénombrement de bactéries, d\'organismes mésophiliques et de champignons. Le Nil oriental avait enregistré un nombre élevé (P=0,05) de bactéries coliformes, d\'E. coli et de Staphylococcus spp. Parmi les 112 échantillons de lait de dromadaire collectés, E. coli, Staphylococcus spp. et le champignon ont été signalés dans 33 (29,5%), 46 (41%) et 32 (28,6%) des échantillons respectivement. En outre, les bactéries psychrotrophiques n\'ont pas été aperçues au cours de l\'étude, ce qui est peut-être dû au manque de matériel de refroidissement chez les communautés nomades. Même si le lait cru de dromadaire constitue l\'aliment de base des pasteurs, les résultats de la présente étude ont montré que dans l\'ensemble le lait cru de dromadaire est de qualité médiocre et qu\'il y a une variabilité des échantillons quant à la qualité hygiénique. Toutefois, aucun cas de maladie n\'a été signalé chez les pasteurs au Soudan suite à la consommation de lait cru de dromadaire.Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa Vol. 55 (2) 2007: pp. 112-11