Wastewater minimization using aspen water

This thesis lays out the basic principles for analyzing a water using operation and then compares the freshwater and wastewater flowrates for a system with and without reuse. The methods of reuse, recycle and regeneration are discussed to solve the problems of multiple contaminants with multiple constraints. The preliminary mass exchange network is designed and further optimization is carried out by using ASPEN WATER software. Along with network optimizations for minimum water use, minimum network costs which include water costs or discharge costs, can also be determined with help of the software. Minimizing water use as well as the wastewater discharged from a water network are main priorities of the present work. Two industrial case studies are discussed to illustrate the significance of wastewater minimization and the results obtained are compared with that predicted using published method. The first one is a multiple contaminants problem for a starch industry in which water saving was found to be 41% for Demineralised water and 80% for freshwater with water cost savings of about 45% and the second is a analysis of streams in petroleum refining complex in which freshwater savings was around 82%. Key Words: Wastewater minimization, multiple contaminants, ASPEN WATE

Dimethyl fumarate: a new oral treatment option for multiple sclerosis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a slowly progressive, immunologically mediated disease of the CNS. The recent years have witnessed great efforts in establishing new therapeutic options for multiple sclerosis. There is a clear need for more effective, safe and at the same time orally available treatment options. Here we review the recently approved drug Dimethyl fumarate (DMF, Tecfidera®) as a new therapeutic option for MS and its role in context to the existing oral treatment options for MS. Dimethyl fumarate is the methyl ester of fumaric acid and has been claimed to possess immunomodulatory properties and is already in clinical use as Fumaderm for severe systemic psoriasis. In addition, Dimethyl fumarate was also shown to act on the blood-brain barrier and exert neuroprotective properties via activation of anti-oxidative pathways and displayed beneficial effects in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model mimicking many aspects of MS. Based on two global phase III studies. Dimethyl fumarate has been clinically proven to significantly reduce important measures of disease activity, including relapses and development of brain lesions, as well as to slow disability progression over time, while demonstrating a favourable safety and tolerability profile

Evaluation of the role of computed tomography guided biopsy in effective diagnosis and management of patients with Koch’s spine in India

Background: In the Indian population, tuberculosis and malignancy are the most common spinal pathologies. Radiological findings are often non-specific, thus non-diagnostic and fail to provide a prognostic perspective if the disease is established. Therefore, bacterial and/or histological evidence must be obtained to distinguish one infection from another or neoplasm. In this study, we evaluated the role of Computed Tomography-guided biopsy in Koch's spine by assessing diagnostic yield, the incidence of patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis, and drug sensitivity. Methods: Patients with suspected Koch's spine attending outpatient department of tertiary health care centre in India were selected for the study. Data were collected using proforma containing demographic, clinical, radiological and other laboratory variables. In addition, biopsy samples were sent for microbiological and histopathological analysis. Patients were followed up at an interval of 3 months to one year. Results: Most patients had Lumbar vertebra involvement followed by dorsal and least with cervical spine.41.25% of cases were drug resistant. In resistant cases, Isoniazid resistance is more seen, followed by Rifampicin. The clinical assessment revealed a significant difference in fever, back pain, Weight WBC count, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate and C Reactive Protein post-biopsy and treatment. Conclusions: Patients with Koch's spine should have tissue sampling for diagnosis and drug sensitivity; otherwise, they will not receive adequate treatment, leading to delayed recovery, disease worsening and resistance. Computed tomography guided biopsy thus helps early diagnosis and guides to proper anti-tuberculous treatment. In addition, it helps to decrease the burden of morbidity associated with Koch's spine

A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON AGNIKARMA AND INDIGENOUS DRUGS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF JANU SANDHIGATA VATA W.S.R. TO OSTEOARTHRITIS OF KNEE JOINT

Sandhigatavata is the most common joint disorder worldwide. Sandhigatavata is a Vatavyadhi affecting people in the Vardhakyaavastha. The disease is characterized by Dhatukshaya and Lakshanas reflective of vitiated Vata. Therefore, the agents / therapies which are Vatahara, Shoolahara and Stambhahara properties should be advised in this disease. The study is focused on rectification of vitiated Vayu by Agnikarma and internal medication which helps to subside the Rooksha and Sheetaguna of Vata. Objectives: The study is aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Indigenous drugs (Indravaruni, Pippaali with Jaggery) in the management of Janusandhigatavata and to compare the effects of Agnikarma and Indigenous drugs in management of Janusandhigatavata. Method: The present study is ‘Comparative clinical trial’. Study was done in two groups. In this study, Agnikarma received group of patients were compared with orally treated group of patients. Result: Comparatively both the groups have almost same significance in the parameters. In terms of two parameters especially in pain and range of movements, Agnikarma treated patients showed very good result. Interpretation: On the basis of the results of both the groups it was observed that, both the groups have almost same significance in the parameters. But Group-B shows more net mean effect and long lasting effect even in follow-up period. With respect to the parameters in pain and in range of movements, Agnikarma treated patients showed very good response. Conclusion: Agnikarma was found very effective in the management of Janusandhigatavata

Development of 3 DOF Kinematics

In today’s society, robots are used in various areas especially in those where high precision is required. Robots have improved life standards and we are upgrading their performances in order to make our lives easier and more comfortable. Many applications in the field of medicine and industry use different kind of motor-based systems such as robots because of their wide-range of sufficient characteristics like the fact that they can be used as constant power devices with accurate positioning and fast response. This project describes implementation of the proposed control of the stepper motor and robotic arm by development of suitable transfer function. In this work a motorized robot arm with a 3 degree of freedom is designed. For this design control algorithm will be developed using MATLAB software which is widely used in controlling application

A Review and an Approach of Flying Electric Generators as Alternate Source of Energy

This paper presents a review of flying electric generators which are used to harness kinetic energy in powerful, persistent high altitude winds. It has been found that FEGs could give individual output of up to 40MW. It is a lighter wind turbine that rotates about a horizontal axis in response to wind, generating electrical energy. This electrical energy is transferred down for immediate use, or to a set of batteries for later use, or to the power grid. This paper presents the critical analysis of existing literature which is relevant to flying electric generator Though, the literature consists of a lot many research contributions, but, here, we have analyzed some important research and review papers. The existing approaches are categorized based on the basic concepts involved in the mechanisms. The emphasis is on the concepts used by the concerned authors, the database used for experimentations and the performance evaluation parameters. Their claims are also highlighted. Finally, the findings are summarized related to the studied and analyzed research papers. Paper concludes with the motivation behind identified problem

A Review and an Approach of Water Pollution Indication using Arduino Uno

Drinking water is critical for the wellbeing and prosperity of all people and creatures because water play major role in all living beings and most danger disease are caused by water and it is our duty to provide clean and safe water and also to monitor the pollution level in water it is additionally essential for farming utilization for good product yielding and natural way of life linkage wellbeing issues. With over 200 children dying per day due to unsafe water, drinking water crisis is ranked one on the global risk by World Economic Forum, 2015. This paper presents an easy and comprehensive methodology is microcontroller sensor based system continuous observing and pollution recognition for both drinking and non-drinking water dissemination frameworks and in addition for customer locales

Automatic Overhead Water Tank Cleaning System: A Review and an Approach

Aim of this paper is to develop a mechanical system for cleaning domestic cylindrical water tank. The mechanical system includes two main mechanisms which are rack and pinion gear mechanism and reciprocating four bar linkage mechanism. The rack and pinion arrangement is used to move whole mechanical system up and down for cleaning the cylindrical tank. The rack is fixed on the motor and the four-bar mechanism is attached to the motor shaft. PVC brushes are attached to the ends of the four-bar linkage. Four bar linkage is made in such a way that it can be adjusted according to inside diameter of the tank. When the motor is started the linkage rotates and with the help of brushes, cleaning of wall and base of tank takes place. The purpose of this project is to reduce the human efforts and to avoid the chemical influence on health of person entering the tank for cleaning. In this modern world, cleaning of overhead tanks manually is a tedious job. To overcome this we have aimed at tackling the disadvantages of cleaning overhead tanks, so an automatic system overhead tank cleaning is designed to provide high safety, high efficiency, less time for cleaning and to avoid environmental pollution problems. Purpose of this paper is to clean domestic cylindrical water tank with the help of mechatronics system. The mechatronics system consists of a grooved gear rod attached to two arms with brushes at ends. The two arms are connected to the gear rod by nut. By rotating the gear rod, the up and down motion of the two arms is achieved. The gear rod is rotated with the help of a D.C gear motor. The main grooved shaft is powered by an A.C motor. The motor and the shaft are connected by a rubber belt. The clockwise rotation of the main shaft will make the arms move and vice versa. The whole operation is controlled by a circuit consisting of relay switches, buttons, and PIC microcontroller. The number of times for the operation to repeat can be fed into the circuit. The achievement of this project is reduction of cost and manual labour because there will be harmful diseases for the person who will go inside and it will affect the health as well as the other human being who consumes water from the tank