Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic response on intrapartum care, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality outcomes in Nepal: a prospective observational study

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic response is affecting maternal and neonatal health services all over the world. We aimed to assess the number of institutional births, their outcomes (institutional stillbirth and neonatal mortality rate), and quality of intrapartum care before and during the national COVID-19 lockdown in Nepal. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, we collected participant-level data for pregnant women enrolled in the SUSTAIN and REFINE studies between Jan 1 and May 30, 2020, from nine hospitals in Nepal. This period included 12·5 weeks before the national lockdown and 9·5 weeks during the lockdown. Women were eligible for inclusion if they had a gestational age of 22 weeks or more, a fetal heart sound at time of admission, and consented to inclusion. Women who had multiple births and their babies were excluded. We collected information on demographic and obstetric characteristics via extraction from case notes and health worker performance via direct observation by independent clinical researchers. We used regression analyses to assess changes in the number of institutional births, quality of care, and mortality before lockdown versus during lockdown. FINDINGS: Of 22 907 eligible women, 21 763 women were enrolled and 20 354 gave birth, and health worker performance was recorded for 10 543 births. From the beginning to the end of the study period, the mean weekly number of births decreased from 1261·1 births (SE 66·1) before lockdown to 651·4 births (49·9) during lockdown-a reduction of 52·4%. The institutional stillbirth rate increased from 14 per 1000 total births before lockdown to 21 per 1000 total births during lockdown (p=0·0002), and institutional neonatal mortality increased from 13 per 1000 livebirths to 40 per 1000 livebirths (p=0·0022). In terms of quality of care, intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring decreased by 13·4% (-15·4 to -11·3; p&lt;0·0001), and breastfeeding within 1 h of birth decreased by 3·5% (-4·6 to -2·6; p=0·0032). The immediate newborn care practice of placing the baby skin-to-skin with their mother increased by 13·2% (12·1 to 14·5; p&lt;0·0001), and health workers' hand hygiene practices during childbirth increased by 12·9% (11·8 to 13·9) during lockdown (p&lt;0·0001). INTERPRETATION: Institutional childbirth reduced by more than half during lockdown, with increases in institutional stillbirth rate and neonatal mortality, and decreases in quality of care. Some behaviours improved, notably hand hygiene and keeping the baby skin-to-skin with their mother. An urgent need exists to protect access to high quality intrapartum care and prevent excess deaths for the most vulnerable health system users during this pandemic period.De två sista författarna delar sistaförfattarskapet</p

Unusual case of Bilateral Angle Closure Glaucoma

Bilateral angle closure glaucoma is a rare ocular emergency which can be a potentially blinding condition. A case of 72 years male, who developed headache and vomiting after five days of demise of his mother followed by blurring of vision. He was taken to the general hospital where all the routine tests and CT Scan head failed to reveal the cause. After two days of admission, patient was referred for ophthalmic consultation. On ocular examination he was diagnosed as a case of bilateral angle closure glaucoma. After two hours of treatment patient was comfortable with normal intraocular pressure and reasonably good vision. _______________________________________________________________________________________ Keywords: Angle closure glaucoma; Intraocular pressure

Factors affecting Nepalese rural dwellers’ choice of first-contact health facility: a cross-sectional survey

# Background Despite significant progress in Nepal's health indicators over the past three decades, regional disparities in public health centre (PHC) provision and accessibility remain severe. It has been reported that rural dwellers prefer and place more trust in outreach centres (ORCs) run by the Dhulikhel Hospital. However, the reasons behind this remain unclear. This cross-sectional survey study examined the determinants of Nepal's rural dwellers' choices of first-contact health facility by collecting the data of 1,098 adults. # Methods The differences were tested, and then binary logistic regression was performed to analyse first-contact health facility decision-making. # Results Sex, education level, importance of health care satisfaction, importance of free health care, diagnosis of hypertension, diagnosis of diabetes, insurance coverage, savings, community-level cooperation, and distance to the health facility were significant factors affecting the choice of the first-contact health facility. Most significantly, people who were unconcerned about receiving free health care were 19.417 times more likely to use ORCs. Additionally, it was observed that rural dwellers perceived ORCs as providing higher quality health care. # Conclusions The government must promote cooperation between PHCs and ORCs, as it is essential to understand consumer demand, supply-side issues, and institutional aspects of health care in rural areas to achieve universal access to health care

Von Hippel Lindau Disease with central nervous system and multiple visceral manifestations: A case report.

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal-dominant syndrome caused by mutations in the VHL gene, located on the short arm of chromosome 3. Patients with VHL are likely to manifest with a spectrum of multiple benign and malignant tumors involving various organ systems. We present a case of a 28-year-old female without a remarkable family history who presented with complaints of hematuria and abdominal discomfort. Initial laboratory investigations confirmed hematuria. Subsequent abdominal computed tomography scan revealed heterogeneous enhancing solid mass in bilateral kidneys, avidly enhancing mass in the right adrenal gland, bilateral simple renal cortical cysts, and a pancreatic cyst. With a provisional diagnosis of VHL disease, an MRI of the brain and spine was performed, which showed the presence of a cerebellar hemangioblastoma. Her catecholamine and vanillylmandelic acid levels were in the normal range not in line with pheochromocytoma. The patient then underwent bilateral partial renal nephrectomy and right adrenalectomy. Histopathologic examination reported clear renal cell carcinoma and pheochromocytoma of the right adrenal gland mass. Molecular genetic testing confirmed the presence of VHL disease

REFINE (Rapid Feedback for quality Improvement in Neonatal rEsuscitation) : an observational study of neonatal resuscitation training and practice in a tertiary hospital in Nepal.

BACKGROUND: Simulation-based training in neonatal resuscitation is more effective when reinforced by both practice and continuous improvement processes. We aim to evaluate the effectiveness of a quality improvement program combined with an innovative provider feedback device on neonatal resuscitation practice and outcomes in a public referral hospital of Nepal. METHODS: A pre- and post-intervention study will be implemented in Pokhara Academy of Health Sciences, a hospital with 8610 deliveries per year. The intervention package will include simulation-based training (Helping Babies Breathe) enhanced with a real-time feedback system (the NeoBeat newborn heart rate meter with the NeoNatalie Live manikin and upright newborn bag-mask with PEEP) accompanied by a quality improvement process. An independent research team will collect perinatal data and conduct stakeholder interviews. DISCUSSION: This study will provide further information on the efficiency of neonatal resuscitation training and implementation in the context of new technologies and quality improvement processes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN18148368 , date of registration-31 July 2018

Patterns and determinants of the global herbivorous mycobiome

Despite their role in host nutrition, the anaerobic gut fungal (AGF) component of the herbivorous gut microbiome remains poorly characterized. Here, to examine global patterns and determinants of AGF diversity, we generate and analyze an amplicon dataset from 661 fecal samples from 34 mammalian species, 9 families, and 6 continents. We identify 56 novel genera, greatly expanding AGF diversity beyond current estimates (31 genera and candidate genera). Community structure analysis indicates that host phylogenetic affiliation, not domestication status and biogeography, shapes the community rather than. Fungal-host associations are stronger and more specific in hindgut fermenters than in foregut fermenters. Transcriptomics-enabled phylogenomic and molecular clock analyses of 52 strains from 14 genera indicate that most genera with preferences for hindgut hosts evolved earlier (44-58 Mya) than those with preferences for foregut hosts (22-32 Mya). Our results greatly expand the documented scope of AGF diversity and provide an ecologically and evolutionary-grounded model to explain the observed patterns of AGF diversity in extant animal hosts