Impact of Bit Coin on Trade and Commerce: (A Comparative Study of North Kashmir & Central Kashmir)

Bitcoin is a virtual currency and has been accepted as a mode of payment by many countries now-a-days.the main threat for Bitcoin are its vulnerability in the mining process as well as lack of security during the storage of coins on the online pools. To provide security against the attack, the framework of Bitcoin protocol need to be changed and the same will be accepted by all the users because Bitcoin is a decentralized crypto currency. The current study tries to determine the impact of Bitcoin on Trade and Commerce in the study area. After the analysis of data it was found that the two regions (viz Central Kashmir and North Kashmir) of the study area do not differ significantly with respect to socio-economic variables, general awareness about the bitcoin and impact of bitcoin of trade and commerce. Keywords: Bitcoin, Volatility, Blockchain, Cryptocurrency, Mining

Inference for Step-Stress Partially Accelerated Life Test Model with an Adaptive Type-I Progressively Hybrid Censored Data

Consider estimating data of failure times under step-stress partially accelerated life tests based on adaptive Type-I hybrid censoring. The mathematical model related to the lifetime of the test units is assumed to follow Rayleigh distribution. The point and interval maximum-likelihood estimations are obtained for distribution parameter and tampering coefficient. Also, the work is conducted under a traditional Type-I hybrid censoring plan (scheme). A Monte Carlo simulation algorithm is used to evaluate and compare the performances of the estimators of the tempering coefficient and model parameters under both progressively hybrid censoring plans. The comparison is carried out on the basis of mean squared errors and bias

Designing Advanced Reliability Testing Mathematical Model for Modern Products

The modern era is the age of science, technology and at the same time it is the age of competition. The advancement of new technology and increased global competition have emphasized the importance of product strength and reliability estimation. As a result, producers and manufacturers must now verify the strength and reliability of their products prior to releasing them to the market. In the past, reliability data analysis was a critical tool for this purpose. Traditionally, reliability data analysis entails quantifying these life characteristics through the examination of failure data. However, in many situations, obtaining such failure data has been extremely difficult, if not impossible, due to the length of time between designing and releasing a product, and the difficulty of designing a product that will last a long period due to its continuous use and operation. Faced with this challenge, reliability statisticians developed a technique called Accelerated Reliability Testing to rapidly determine the reliability and life characteristics of products. This technique increases product reliability and identifies when and how a product will fail in its intended environment. In the present work, we plan to investigate these mathematical reliability models to determine the costs associated with the various product guarantees. If component lifetimes follow the power-function distribution, the problem is examined under increasing stress using percent failure censoring. The method is referred as a process that applies accelerated testing to estimate the cost of age-replacement for goods sold under warranty. Additionally, a mathematical illustration is presented to illustrate the results

A Preliminary Limnological Investigation of Golden- Key Lake, Clemant Town, Uttranchal

The present study was undertaken to provide some baseline knowledge of the general limnology of Golden Key Lake, Clement town, which stands nearly unstudied artificial lake in Dehradun, India. The investigation was intended to get a coherent picture of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the lake. This study was undertaken for a short period of time and therefore it should only constitute a starting point for studies imperative for management of these ecosystems of unique nature in the country. Four study sites were selected and analyzed for the main chemical variables and nutrients. An examination of the water chemistry data on comparative level revealed that both ions and nutrients were significantly higher at site I located at a point where sewage water without any treatment enters into the lake.  Computed on an average basis the inorganic elements have been found to follow the sequence: Ca > Na> Mg > K for sites I and II, while for sites III and IV, the sequence was: Ca> Mg>Na>K

Estimations and optimal censoring schemes for the unified progressive hybrid gamma-mixed Rayleigh distribution

Censoring is a common occurrence in reliability engineering tests. This article considers estimation of the model parameters and the reliability characteristics of the gamma-mixed Rayleigh distribution based on a novel unified progressive hybrid censoring scheme (UPrgHyCS), where experimenters are allowed more flexibility in designing the test and higher efficiency. The maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters and reliability are provided using the stochastic expectation–maximization algorithm based on the UPrgHyCS. Further, the Bayesian inference associated with any parametric function of the model parameters is considered using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method with the Metropolis-Hastings (M-H) algorithm. Asymptotic confidence and credible intervals of the proposed quantities are also created. The maximum a posteriori estimates of the model parameters are acquired. Due to the importance of determining the optimal censoring scheme for reliability problems, different optimality criteria are proposed and derived to find it. This method can help to design experiments and get more information about unknown parameters for a given sample size. Finally, comprehensive simulation experiments are provided to investigate the performances of the considered estimates, and a real dataset is analyzed to elucidate the practical application and the optimality criterion work in real life scenarios. The Bayes estimates using the M-H technique show the best performance in terms of error value

Stress-strength reliability estimation for the inverted exponentiated Rayleigh distribution under unified progressive hybrid censoring with application

In this paper, we studied the estimation of a stress-strength reliability model (R = P(X>Y)) based on inverted exponentiated Rayleigh distribution under the unified progressive hybrid censoring scheme (unified PHCS). The maximum likelihood estimates of the unknown parameters were obtained using the stochastic expectation-maximization algorithm (stochastic EMA). The asymptotic confidence intervals were also created. Under squared error and Linex and generalized entropy loss functions, the Gibbs sampler together with Metropolis-Hastings algorithm was provided to compute the Bayes estimates and the credible intervals. Extensive simulations were performed to see the effectiveness of the proposed estimation methods. Also, parallel to the development of reliability studies, it is necessary to study its application in different sciences such as engineering. Therefore, droplet splashing data under two nozzle pressures were proposed to exemplify the theoretical outcomes

Dynamics of Periphytic Algae In Some Crenic Habitats Of District Anantnag, Kashmir

The study pertains to the diversity patterns of periphytic algal assemblages of seven springs subjected to different anthropogenic stresses. The periphytic algal community during September 2010 to August 2011 revealed a total of twenty three species belonging to three algal classes: Chlorophyceae (6), Bacillariophyceae (12) and Cyanophyceae (5). The most dominant species in the algal community were Rhizoclonium sp., Diatomella balfuriana, Navicula sp., and Oscillatoria limosa. During the present study maximum number of species was obtained at Dubnagin (23), followed by Naranag (19), Parinag (17), Himalinag (15), Malakhnag (10), Batnagin (10) and decreasing to the minimum of 9 species at Kirkadalnag. Among the various periphytic classes, Bacillariophyceae dominated qualitatively both in diversity and density at each spring being followed by Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae

The investigation of sustainable environmental performance of manufacturing companies: mediating role of organizational support and moderating role of CSR

China is transitioning towards green and sustainable manufacturing, considering environmental measures as per external environment demands. This research investigates the impact of green entrepreneurial orientation, social entrepreneurship, and organizational ambidexterity on sustainable environmental performance. Besides, examining the mediating role of organizational support and moderating the role of corporate social responsibilities (CSR) are also included in the aim of this research. The present study has used quantitative data of 510 respondents from China’s manufacturing industry; further structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed to analyse the data. The results revealed that organizational ambidexterity, green entrepreneurial orientation, and social entrepreneurship are positively associated with sustainable environmental performance. Organizational support positively mediates among the nexus of green entrepreneurial orientation, social entrepreneurship, and sustainable environmental performance. The findings also showed that CSR significantly moderates the relationship between organizational support and sustainable environmental performance. These outcomes provide various implications for policymakers while making policies regarding CSR and sustainable environmental performance

Can Rapid Antigen Tests Lessen the Burden on Testing Laboratories? An Evaluation of the Testing Methods during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Timely diagnosis and isolation of cases is of paramount importance to contain the spread of a pandemic. The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a major health problem that needs concerted efforts for mitigation and control. Real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), the gold-standard diagnostic modality, has high cost and can be performed in special laboratories. Rapid Antigen Tests (RAT) has been developed to serve as an alternative and is recommended to use at point-of-care testing. Aim: To compare the case detection rate of RAT and RT-PCR and the possible role they may play in the pandemic mitigation efforts. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, all the samples collected during a nine-months period were analysed. Depending upon the criteria, either a RAT or RT- PCR was done on the samples. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics (frequencies, mean, standard deviation, and percentages). Results: A total of 8,29,745 samples were tested during the study period among which number of positive samples was 19,414 giving an overall positivity rate of 2.34% (0.20% to 12.58%). RAT positivity was 1.58% while RT-PCR gave a positivity of 4.26. Total number of positive cases identified by RAT and RT-PCR were 9,382 and 10,032, respectively. Conclusions: RAT is a low-cost alternative to the expensive RT-PCR with the added advantage of giving accurate and timely results. This can be a game changer especially in low-resource settings, which have witnessed a increase in the spread of COVID-19 during the latter part of the pandemic

Enhanced fault detection models with real-life applications

Nonconforming events are rare in high-quality processes, and the time between events (TBE) may follow a skewed distribution, such as the gamma distribution. This study proposes one- and two-sided triple homogeneously weighted moving average charts for monitoring TBE data modeled by the gamma distribution. These charts are labeled as the THWMA TBE charts. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to approximate the run length distribution of the one- and two-sided THWMA TBE charts. The THWMA TBE charts are compared to competing charts like the DHWMA TBE, HWMA TBE, THWMA TBE, DEWMA TBE, and EWMA TBE charts at a single shift and over a range of shifts. For the single shift comparison, the average run length (ARL) and standard deviation run length (SDRL) measures are used, whereas the extra quadratic loss (EQL), relative average run length (RARL) and performance comparison index (PCI) measures are employed for a range of shifts comparison. The comparison reveals that the THWMA TBE charts outperform the competing charts at a single shift as well as at a certain range of shifts. Finally, two real-life data applications are presented to evaluate the applicability of the THWMA TBE charts in practical situations, one with boring machine failure data and the other with hospital stay time for traumatic brain injury patients