Accuracy of wind observations from open-ocean buoys: Correction for flow distortion

The comparison of equivalent neutral winds obtained from (a) four WHOI buoys in the subtropics and (b) scatterometer estimates at those locations reveals a root-mean-square (RMS) difference of 0.56-0.76 m/s. To investigate this RMS difference, different buoy wind error sources were examined. These buoys are particularly well suited to examine two important sources of buoy wind errors because: (1) redundant anemometers and a comparison with numerical flow simulations allow us to quantitatively assess flow distortion errors, and (2) one-minute sampling at the buoys allows us to examine the sensitivity of buoy temporal sampling/averaging in the buoy-scatterometer comparisons. The inter-anemometer difference varies as a function of wind direction relative to the buoy wind vane and is consistent with the effects of flow distortion expected based on numerical flow simulations. Comparison between the anemometers and scatterometer winds supports the interpretation that the inter-anemometer disagreement, which can be up to 5% of the wind speed, is due to flow distortion. These insights motivate an empirical correction to the individual anemometer records and subsequent comparison with scatterometer estimates show good agreement

Depletion of <i>gon-1</i> causes DAF-7 secretion defects.

<p>(a, b) Fluorescent images of DAF-7::mCherry, and DIC images (inset) in the head neurons of a wild-type animal (a) and a <i>gon-1(tm3146)</i> mutant animal (b) (160 msec. exposure time). The scale bar indicates 10 μm. (c) Quantification of the mCherry fluorescence in neurons. The graph represents the combined results of 3 independent experiments (n > 20 neurons per strain). *p < 0.05. Bars represent the mean ± SE. (d, e) Representative fluorescent images of DAF-7::mCherry in the coelomocytes of wild-type (d) and a <i>gon-1(tm3146)</i> mutant (e) animals (100 msec. exposure time). Coelomocytes are outlined with dotted circles in the fluorescent images. Insets show DIC images. The scale bar indicates 10 μm. (f) Quantification of the mCherry fluorescence in coelomocytes. The graph represents the combined results of 3 independent experiments (n > 30 coelomocytes per strain). Fluorescence intensity was examined using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD). *p < 0.05. Bars represent the mean ± SE.</p

Loss of <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> GON-1, an ADAMTS9 Homolog, Decreases Secretion Resulting in Altered Lifespan and Dauer Formation

<div><p>ADAMTS9 is a metalloprotease that cleaves components of the extracellular matrix and is also implicated in transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi. It has been reported that an ADAMTS9 gene variant is associated with type 2 diabetes. The underlying pathology of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ADAMTS9 function in beta cells and peripheral tissues are unknown. We show that loss of <i>C</i>. <i>elegans</i> GON-1, an ADAMTS9 homolog, alters lifespan and dauer formation. GON-1 loss impairs secretion of proteins such as insulin orthologs and TGF-beta, and additionally impacts insulin/IGF-1 signaling in peripheral tissues. The function of the GON domain, but not the protease domain, is essential for normal lifespan and dauer formation in these scenarios. We conclude that the GON domain is critical for ADAMTS9/GON-1 function across species, which should help the understanding of type 2 diabetes in humans.</p></div

GON-1 acts for insulin signaling at peripheral tissues.

<p>Representative images of DAF-16a::GFP localization (a, c, e, g, i, k, m, o) and DIC (b, d, f, h, j, l, n, p) in wild-type (a, b), <i>gon-1(tm3146)</i> (c, d), <i>gon-1(tm3146); tmEx[gon-1p</i>::<i>gon-1(sig_GON)]</i> (e, f), <i>gon-1(tm3146); tmEx[unc-119p</i>::<i>gon-1(sig_GON)]</i> (g, h), <i>gon-1(tm3146); tmEx[myo-3p</i>::<i>gon-1(sig_GON)]</i> (i, j) and <i>gon-1(tm3146); tmEx[myo-3p</i>::<i>gon-1(sig_GON)</i>, <i>unc-119p</i>::<i>gon-1(sig_GON)]</i> (k, l) animals at the L2 stage. Arrowheads indicate nuclei of body wall muscle cells. Arrows indicate nuclei of other cells including intestinal cells. The scale bar indicates 20 μm for a-l. The white boxes marked in (i—l) are enlarged in (m—p). The scale bar indicates 5 μm.</p

<i>gon-1</i> is expressed in a subset of neurons.

<p>(a, c), GFP fluorescence; (b, d), DIC image. (a) GFP is observed in some head neurons (arrowheads), intestine, and excretory cells in the larva. (c) GFP is observed in a CAN neuron (arrowhead), an excretory canal cell, and body wall muscle cells.</p

Depletion of <i>gon-1</i> causes INS-18 secretion defects.

<p>(a, b) Fluorescent images of INS-18::Venus, and (inset) DIC images in the head neurons of a wild-type animal (a), a <i>gon-1(tm3146)</i> mutant animal (b) (300 msec. exposure time). The scale bar indicates 10 μm. (c) Quantification of fluorescence in neurons. The graph represents the combined results of 3 independent experiments (n > 20 neurons per strain). *p < 0.05. Bars represent the mean ± SE. Representative fluorescent images of INS-18::Venus in the coelomocytes of a wild-type animal (d) and a <i>gon-1(tm3146)</i> mutant animal (e) (3 sec. exposure time). Coelomocytes are outlined with dotted circles in the fluorescent images. The scale bar indicates 10 μm. (f) Quantification of fluorescence in coelomocytes. The graph represents the combined results of 3 independent experiments (n > 20 coelomocytes per strain). Fluorescence intensity was examined using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD). ***p < 0.005. Bars represent the mean ± SE.</p

Depletion of <i>gon-1</i> causes INS-7 secretion defects.

<p>Representative fluorescent images of INS-7::mCherry (a, c, e, g) (500 msec. exposure time), <i>unc-119p</i>::<i>GFP</i> (b, d, f, h) and DIC images (inset) in <i>ins-7</i> expressing neurons. (a, b) Wild-type. (c, d) <i>gon-1(tm3146)</i>. The accumulation of INS-7::mCherry was observed in some neurons in the <i>gon-1(tm3146)</i> mutant background. (e, f) <i>gon-1(tm3146); tmEx[gon-1p</i>::<i>gon-1(sig_GON)]</i> animals. (g, h) <i>gon-1(tm3146); tmEx[unc-119p</i>::<i>gon-1(sig_GON)]</i> animals. The accumulation of INS-7::mCherry was scarcely observed in <i>gon-1(tm3146); tmEx[gon-1p</i>::<i>gon-1(sig_GON)]</i> and <i>gon-1(tm3146); tmEx[unc-119p</i>::<i>gon-1(sig_GON)]</i> animals. (i) Quantification of the fluorescence in neurons. The graph represents the combined results of 4 independent experiments (n > 20 neurons per strain). *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. Bars represent the mean ± SE. Representative fluorescent images of INS-7::mCherry (j, k) and DIC images (inset) of the coelomocytes of wild-type (j) and <i>gon-1(tm3146)</i> mutant (k) animals (100 msec. exposure time). Coelomocytes are outlined with dotted circles in the fluorescent images. (l) Quantification of the fluorescence in coelomocytes. The graph represents the combined results of 4 independent experiments (n > 30 coelomocytes per strain). Fluorescence intensity was examined using ImageJ (NIH, Bethesda, MD). *p < 0.05. Bars represent the mean ± SE.</p

GON-1 and DAF-28 are expressed in the same cells.

<p>(a, b) Representative fluorescent images of a <i>gon-1(tm3146)</i> mutant animal co-expressing <i>gon-1p</i>::<i>GFP</i> (a) and <i>daf-28p</i>::<i>daf-28</i>::<i>mCherry</i> (b). (c) The merged image. (d) The DIC image of the same field shown in (a-c). The scale bar indicates 5 μm. (e, f) Representative fluorescent images of <i>gon-1p</i>::<i>mCherry</i> (e) and <i>mgIs40[daf-28p</i>::<i>GFP]</i> (f). (g) The merged image. (h) The DIC image of the same field shown in the (e-g). The scale bar indicates 20 μm. The white arrowhead indicates an ASI neuron. The white arrow indicates an ASJ neuron. The pink arrowhead indicates an unidentified neuron.</p