Belediye Müzesi

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 114-Müzelerİstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/14/YEN/0033) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/14/YEN/0033

Airflow and flow velocity in the nasal passage.

<p>(A) Human volunteer 2, (B) chimpanzee Popo, and (C) macaque Mff765. The streamlines (upper) and the contours (bottom) indicate the airflow direction and velocity distributions through the nasal passage, respectively. The number of streamlines reflects the relative airflow volume for a given subject.</p

Virtual nasal topology models.

<p>(A) Normal, (B) no-valve, and (C) horizontal models. Human volunteer 2. The two contours in the dotted lines show the geometry in the vestibular region, respectively.</p

Temperature, water mass fraction, and relative humidity at the nasopharyngeal level for the virtual models.

<p>Temperature, water mass fraction, and relative humidity at the nasopharyngeal level for the virtual models.</p

Airflow, temperature, and water mass fraction in the nasal passages of the virtual models.

<p>Human volunteer 2. (A–C) No-valve model and (D–F) horizontal models. (A, D) Airflow, the streamlines (upper) and the contours (bottom), (B, E) temperature, the contours (upper) and the representative values in each contour (bottom), and (C, F) water mass, the contours (upper) and the lowest values in each contour (bottom). See Figs <a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004807#pcbi.1004807.g003" target="_blank">3</a>–<a href="http://www.ploscompbiol.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004807#pcbi.1004807.g005" target="_blank">5</a> for details.</p

Distribution of the water mass fraction in the nasal passage.

<p>(A) Warm and wet; (B) cold and dry; and (C) hot and dry conditions. The contours represent the distribution of the water mass fraction at each level from the nares to the nasopharynx. (D) The lowest values of the water mass fraction were measured at each level and indicate the performance when modifying the water vapor in the inhaled air toward the optimum mass fraction of water: 3.34%.</p

Temperature, water mass fraction, and relative humidity at the nasopharyngeal level.

<p>Temperature, water mass fraction, and relative humidity at the nasopharyngeal level.</p

Distribution of temperature in the nasal passage.

<p>(A) Warm and wet; (B) cold and dry; and (C) hot and dry conditions. The contours represent the distribution of temperature at each level from the nares to the nasopharynx. (D) The lowest temperatures in each contour were in the warm/wet and cold/dry conditions, and the highest temperatures were in the hot/dry conditions. The values indicate the performance when adjusting the temperature toward 34°C.</p