Burden of Neurological Disorders across the US from 1990-2017: A Global Burden of Disease Study

Importance: Accurate and up-to-date estimates on incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (burden) of neurological disorders are the backbone of evidence-based health care planning and resource allocation for these disorders. It appears that no such estimates have been reported at the state level for the US. Objective: To present burden estimates of major neurological disorders in the US states by age and sex from 1990 to 2017. Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study. Data on incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of major neurological disorders were derived from the GBD 2017 study of the 48 contiguous US states, Alaska, and Hawaii. Fourteen major neurological disorders were analyzed: stroke, Alzheimer disease and other dementias, Parkinson disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, migraine, tension-type headache, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injuries, brain and other nervous system cancers, meningitis, encephalitis, and tetanus. Exposures: Any of the 14 listed neurological diseases. Main Outcome and Measure: Absolute numbers in detail by age and sex and age-standardized rates (with 95 uncertainty intervals) were calculated. Results: The 3 most burdensome neurological disorders in the US in terms of absolute number of DALYs were stroke (3.58 95% uncertainty interval UI], 3.25-3.92] million DALYs), Alzheimer disease and other dementias (2.55 95% UI, 2.43-2.68 million DALYs), and migraine (2.40 95% UI, 1.53-3.44 million DALYs). The burden of almost all neurological disorders (in terms of absolute number of incident, prevalent, and fatal cases, as well as DALYs) increased from 1990 to 2017, largely because of the aging of the population. Exceptions for this trend included traumatic brain injury incidence (-29.1% 95% UI, -32.4% to -25.8%); spinal cord injury prevalence (-38.5% 95% UI, -43.1% to -34.0%); meningitis prevalence (-44.8% 95% UI, -47.3% to -42.3%), deaths (-64.4% 95% UI, -67.7% to -50.3%), and DALYs (-66.9% 95% UI, -70.1% to -55.9%); and encephalitis DALYs (-25.8% 95% UI, -30.7% to -5.8%). The different metrics of age-standardized rates varied between the US states from a 1.2-fold difference for tension-type headache to 7.5-fold for tetanus; southeastern states and Arkansas had a relatively higher burden for stroke, while northern states had a relatively higher burden of multiple sclerosis and eastern states had higher rates of Parkinson disease, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine and tension-type headache, and meningitis, encephalitis, and tetanus. Conclusions and Relevance: There is a large and increasing burden of noncommunicable neurological disorders in the US, with up to a 5-fold variation in the burden of and trends in particular neurological disorders across the US states. The information reported in this article can be used by health care professionals and policy makers at the national and state levels to advance their health care planning and resource allocation to prevent and reduce the burden of neurological disorders.. © 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved

Occurrence of Graniferous Tracheary Elements in the Haustorium of Cassytha filiformis Linn., A Stem Parasite of Lauraceae

A distinct interrupted zone is present in the haustorium of Cassytha filiformis a non-host specific stem parasite. Majority of the xylem elements in the vascular core are perforated. The graniferous tracheary cells were observed in the vascular core of haustorium as well as in the parasite stem for the first time. Histochemical studies confirmed the proteinaceous nature of granules. Tracheary cells containing granules were examined using scanning electron microscope. The structure in relation to function of the tracheary cells and their granules are discussed in the light of earlier work

Occurrence of Phloem in the Haustorium of Aeginetia pedunculata Wall. – A Root Holoparasite of Orobanchaceae

In the present investigation, the occurrence of phloem and callose deposition on sieve plates in the haustorium of Aeginetia pedunculata Wall., a root holoparasitic herb of Orobanchaceae, is demonstrated. Our studies reveal that the haustorium of A. pedunculata has highly specialized phloem tissue, comprising of sieve tube elements and companion cells found associated occasionally with the xylem strands. More often, they are found as isolated strands in the lobes of the endophyte and the cortex of parasite root. Distinct sieve tube strands can be traced from the parasite root vasculature up to the region of the entry of the haustorium cells into the host stele. The sieve elements show the normal pattern of callose deposition. The callose deposited around the sieve pores show positive staining to lacmoid blue and fluorescence was observed, confirming their phloic nature

Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (ns-LTPs) from maize induce resistance in pearl millet against downy mildew disease

Non-specific Lipid Transfer Proteins were isolated and purified from maize seeds using combinations of ammonium sulphate precipitation and cat-ion exchange chromatography followed by HPLC. Two peptide segments were obtained by MALDI-TOF MS analysis, which were designated as ns-LTP M1 and ns-LTP M2. Both the ns-LTPs were treated to pearl millet seeds at different concentrations for 6 h. Among the concentrations tested, ns-LTP M1 (50 mu g/ ml) showed a maximum seed germination of 94% and 1320 seedling vigor followed by ns-LTP M2. The maximum downy mildew disease protection of 62% was offered by ns-LTP M1 (50 mu g/ ml) followed by ns-LTP M2 which offered 58% protection. Furthermore, peroxidase (POX) and lipoxigenase (LOX) enzymes related to plant resistance metabolism were also increased considerably after ns-LTP M1 treatment. POX activity was up to two folds when compared to susceptible control seedlings. Thus the present investigation suggests that the maize LTPs could enhance downy mildew disease resistance in pearl millet through the induction of defense mediated enzymes

Callus induction from <i style="">Ipomoea aquatica </i>Forsk. leaf and its antioxidant activity<i style=""></i>

107-111Callus from the leaves of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. was initiated on Murashige and Skoog’s basal media supplemented with various combinations of auxins 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), -naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole butyric acid (IBA) with kinetin/6-benzyl aminopurine (BA). Callus production was observed in all the media but with varied mass. Highest percentage of callus response was obtained in combination of NAA (1.5 mg L-1) with kinetin (0.5 mg L-1). The friable callus was white in NAA supplemented and brown in 2,4-D and kinetin supplemented media. Three distinct phases viz., lag, exponential or liner and log phase were observed in the growth of callus. Antioxidant activities were analyzed by DPPH, TBARS and metal chelating method. Hyper antioxidant activity was observed in 1-month-old callus produced by NAA in combination with kinetin. The EC50 value of callus extract was 38 ± 3.05 and 54 ± 3.60 by DPPH and TBARS methods, respectively as against 58 ± 2.6 and 64 ±1.2 in in vivo plant material, however, no metal chelating activity was found in both

Occurrence of Battarea stevenii (Lib.) Fr. (Tulostomataceae) in Mysore: A new record from south India

Volume: 92Start Page: 149End Page: 15

Effectiveness of amine fluoride mouthwash in preventing white spot lesions during fixed orthodontic therapy - A randomized control trial

Background and Aim: One of the main reasons that patients seek orthodontic treatment is aesthetics. Unfortunately, treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances can at times increase the chances of developing white spot lesions on the surfaces of teeth, thus creating a new aesthetic issue for the patient. The prevalence of white spot lesions (WSL) reported after treatment varies from 2% to 97%, and these lesions can occur despite increased attention to hygiene. Hence the aim of this study was to assess the effect of Amine fluoride mouthwash in preventing white spot lesions during fixed orthodontic therapy. Materials and Methods: Study participants were randomly divided into two groups (Group A – experimental 25 patients and Group B – control 25 patients). The pre-intervention and post-intervention intra-oral digital photographs were analysed by using ImageJ software to assess the percentage of the facial surface affected on the teeth (10 maxillary teeth), which had white spot lesions. Results: The mean value of WSLs showed significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Mean values of WSL in the experimental group decreased from 2 to 1.54 with a mean difference of 0.46 after 6 months of follow-up which indicated that amine fluoride mouthwash was effective in preventing WSLs during fixed orthodontic treatment. Conclusion: WSLs scores were significantly reduced in patients who received the mouthwash when compared to patients who followed standard oral hygiene regimen with fluoridated toothpaste only. In clinical practice, amine fluoride mouthwash is an effective method for the prevention of WSLs during fixed orthodontic treatment