The cervical smear pattern in patients with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease

Background: Cancer of the cervix is the commonestmalignancy of the genital tract inNigeria. In an atmosphere of opportunistic screening due to lack of a national screening programme, studies are needed to determine patients at risk of premalignant lesions of the cervix. Goal: To determine cervical smear pattern in patients with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease and investigate the potential of chronic pelvic inflammatory disease as a risk factor to cervical dysplasia. StudyDesign: Case- control study. Setting : Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria. Subjects: Three hundred and sixty-nine premenopausalwomen attending the gynaecologic and family planning clinics ofAhmaduBelloUniversity TeachingHospitalZaria,Nigeria fromJanuary toDecember 2000. Results: Of the 369 women that had cervical cytology by Pap smear, 163 (44%) had chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (cases) while 206 (56%) were non chronic PID patients (control). There was no statistical significance in the mean age between the two groups. The mean age at first coitus and marriage of all the womenwere 17.92.7 years and 18.5 3.4 years respectively.Therewere 52 dysplastic smears encountered, giving a prevalence rate of 140/1,000 or 14% for Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. There were higher cases of dysplasia in the chronic PIDgroup than in the control and this differenceswas statistically significant (p4) and age of first coitus less than 20 years. Only 10%of all thewomen screenedwere aware of both cervical cancer and Pap smear. Conclusion: Women with chronic pelvic inflammatory disease are probably at higher risk of developing cervical dysplasia than women without chronic pelvic inflammatory disease.Cervical cancer screening programmes should be intensified in chronic pelvic inflammatory disease patients.However, further studies are needed in our setting to verify the association between pelvic inflammatory disease and cervical dysplasia.Keywords:  Cervical smear, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer

Carcass Characteristics and Internal Organs of Broilers Fed Roasted Pride of Barbados Seedmeal

A feeding experiment was conducted at the poultry unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of the Oyo State College of Agriculture, Igboora located on latitude 71340 and longitude 31280E to evaluate the effects of dietary roasted pride of barbados seed meal on carcass characteristics and internal organ weights of broiler chickens. Seventy-two day old Marshal broiler chicks obtained from Obasanjo Farms, Igboora, Nigeria were divided into four treatments and each treatment was replicated three times with a total of six birds per replicate. The ripened seeds of pride of barbados obtained within Igboora metropolis were roasted at 100-1100C using open flame for seventeen minutes in an open pan. The seeds were considered roasted when about 75-80% of the seed cracked. The roasted pride of barbados seedmeal was included at different levels 5,10 and 15 percent respectively in broiler rations. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. There were significant variations (P<0.5) in the value of all the parameters except in the mean values recorded for lung and empty gizzards in some treatments. Higher values were recorded in 10% inclusion level of roasted pride of barbados seedmeal than all other treatments, while the least values were recorded in 0% inclusion level of roasted pride of barbados seedmeal. From this seedmeal in broiler ration was found to be beneficial at 10%. Keywords: Anti-nutritional factors; Broiler; Carcass; Internal organs; Proximate analysis, Roasted pride of barbados seedmeal.

A comparison of oral versus vaginal misoprostol for induction of labor at term, at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria

Background: The comparison of same,equal and low dose of misoprostol by the oral and vaginal routes for induction of labour at term requires further elucidation.Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of 25 micrograms (ug) of oral misoprostol with 25ug vaginal misoprostol for induction of labor at term.Methods: A randomised control trial that involved 169 consented women with indication for induction of labor. A total of 85 women had oral misoprostol while 84 women had vaginal misoprostol. The oral misoprostol dose (25ug) was repeated every 2 hours, while the vaginal dose (25ug) was repeated every 6 hours for a maximum duration of 24 hours or when need arose for intervention. Data was analysed using SPSS version 20.Results: The mean induction-delivery interval was significantly shorter (18.48 +/- 2.01 vs. 22.82 +/- 2.50, P = 0.00), with more vaginal deliveries (88.2% vs. 85.7%, P = 0.00) in the oral group compared to the vaginal group respectively. The cardiotocographic abnormalities in the vaginal group were significantly higher than the oral group (8.3% vs. 1.2%, P = 0.03). There were more foetal distress and meconium stained liquor in the vaginal group but not statistically significant.Keywords: Efficacy; oral misoprostol; safety; vaginal misoprosto

Retained Copper Sleeve and haematometria, an unusual complication of Copper-T use

Retained copper sleeve of copper-T IUCD and haematometria was observed in a patient. Same was retrieved with drainage of haematometria under general anesthesia with satisfactory outcome

Water absorption kinetics of five varieties of maize as affected by soaking conditions during processing of “Ogi”

This study determined the water absorption kinetics of five varieties of maize (A4W, C3Y, D8W, B2Y and E9W) during soaking for 12 to 96 h at varying soaking temperatures. Water absorption changes were evaluated based on a 5 × 2 × 9 factorial design (varieties × soaking methods×soaking periods). Soaking temperature (20, 30, 40 and 50OC) effects were investigated on the water absorption on a 5 × 4 × 6 factorial design (varieties×soaking temperature × soaking periods). The results revealed that the Peleg constant rate (k1) and capacity constant (k2) were statistically significant (p<0.05) and decreased with increase in soaking temperature. The equilibirium moisture content increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in soaking temperature while the predicted time to attain equilibirum for B2Y were 49.67, 33.80, 24.58 and 23.73 hours for soaking temperature at 20, 30, 40 and 50oC, respectively. Similar trend was recorded for other maize varieties. The activation energy (Ea) of hydration were 96.06 kJmol-1 (C3Y), 53.60 kJmol-1 (A4W), 47.08 kJmol-1 (E9W), 39.71 kJmol-1 (B2Y) and 31.49 kJmol-1, respectively. Variety D8W with lower activation energy of hydration (Ea), high entropy (ΔS) and free energy (ΔG) was more thermally stable compared with other maize varieties. This study suggested information with beneficial energy saving effect, especicially for design processes and handling equipment for commercial production of “Ogi”.Keywords: Maize, Ogi, Rehydration, absoprtion rate, activation energy, peleg constan

Changes induced by soaking period on the physical properties of maize in the production of Ogi

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of soaking method and period on some selected physical properties on maize varieties. Five varieties of maize (A4W, C3Y, D8W, B2Y and E9W) were soaked for 12–96 h at ambient temperature of 28 and average hot temperature of 65°C as generally praciticed in the production of Ogi from cereals. Some selected physical properties were evaluated based on a 5 × 2 × 9 factorial design (varieties × soaking methods × soaking periods). The reseult revealed that the linear dimensions of the five varieties of soaked maize increased with increase in linear dimensions up to about 36th hour of soaking. The percentage increase in width was in the range of 5.482–9.67%, 4.064–8.25%, 3.76–6.81% and 0.88–1.81%, for C3Y, B2Y, D8W, A4W and E9W for both soaking conditions, respectively. Significant difference (p  0.05) in the values obtained for sphericity at soaking condition of 65°C compared with soaking at 28°C. This study showed that the period of soaking had significant effect (p < 0.05) in increasing the overall dimensions of maize grains up to 36th hour and thereafter witnessed an irregular pattern

Use of multivariate techniques in studying the flour making properties of some CMD resistant cassava clones

High quality cassava flour (HQCF) is one of the primary products of raw cassava root that has continued to find wider food application in Nigeria. In this study, some 43 newly developed cassava mosaic disease (CMD) resistant clones of cassava were screened based on some physical (flour yield, bulk density, and tri-stimulus colour characteristics (Lab, Chroma and Hue), chemical (moisture,protein, ash, starch, amylose, sugar contents, TTA, pH, and cyanogenic potential), functional (water and oil absorption capacities, water solubility, swelling power, least gelation capacity, diastatic activity, percent damaged starch, and alkaline water retention), and pasting properties. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that all properties measured varied significantly (P< 0.001). The flours had a wider range of starch content (65–88%), amylose content (13–23%), water absorption capacity (136–224%), diastatic activity (128–354 mg maltose), peak viscosity (77–328 RVU), final viscosity (56–217 RVU), and trough (32–152). Due to the peculiarity of the experimental data generated, two protocols of applying multivariate statistical techniques were evaluated for discriminating the cassava clones. By first applying principal component analysis (PCA), followed by cluster analysis (CA) and finally, discriminant function analysis (DFA) of the experimental data, it was possible to achieve about 87% correct classification of the cassava clones. The final viscosity and diastatic activity of the flours were found to be the most important variables for classifying the cassava clones

Effect of nitrogen fertilizer and cassava variety on the sensory quality of composite bread

This paper reports how field application of nitrogen fertilizer and cassava variety affects the sensory quality of composite cassava-wheat bread. Fertilizer dosages of 0 and 160 kg/ha were applied during the raining season in a completely randomized trial plot located in Mokwa, in the Guinea savannah belt of Nigeria. The main effect of variety was significant on crust color and appearance (p<0.01) whereas fertilized application significantly influenced crumb structure and crust appearance (p<0.01). The interaction between variety and fertilizer had significant effect on all the sensory properties measured. Crumb softness was the most influential factor that determined the overall acceptability of the composite bread. The study highlighted the need for careful selection of cassava variety and application of fertilizer to cassava that would be used for breadmaking purposes