The Effects of Preheating of a Fine Tungsten Wire and the Polarity of a High-Voltage Electrode on the Energy Characteristics of an Electrically Exploded Wire in Vacuum

Results obtained from experimental and numerical studies of tungsten wires electrical explosion in vacuum are presented. The experiments were performed both with and without preheating of the wires, using positive or negative polarity of a high-voltage electrode. Preheating is shown to increase energy deposition in the wire core due to a longer resistive heating stage. The effect was observed both in single wire and wire array experiments. The evolution of the phase state of the wire material during explosion was examined by means of one-dimensional numerical simulation using a semiempirical wide-range equation of state describing the properties of tungsten with allowance made for melting and vaporization.Comment: 9 pages, 9 Postscript figure

Surgical treatment of nonparasitic liver cysts

Обобщен опыт лечения 98 больных с непаразитарными кистами печени. Лапароскопическое лечение кист с криообработкой капсулы и тампонадой прядью большого сальника на ножке осуществлено 63 больным, резекционные методы печени выполнены у 35 больных. Осложнения отмечены у 4 больных (6,3%) при лапароскопическом лечении (умер 1) и у 10 больных (28,6%) при резекции печени (умерло 2).An experience in treatment of 98 patients with nonparasitic cysts of liver has been generalized. Laparoscopic cryodestruction of capsule and tamponade using greater omentum has been applied in 63 patients,resectable metods of surgical treatment – in 35 patients. Complications occured in 4 patients (6,3%) at laparoscopic approach (died 1) and 10 patients (28,6%) at liver resections (died 2)

Reconsruction—restoration operations in patients after obstructive resection of large bowel

Представлены результаты лечения 85 больных, у которых выведена колостома после обструктивной резекции толстой и прямой кишки (операции типа Гартманна). Предложены оптимальные сроки (2 мес после первого этапа) выполнения реконструктивно-восстановительной операции как важный фактор психологической и социальной реабилитации больных. Несостоятельность швов анастомоза возникла у 3 (3,5%) больных, умерли 2 больных.There were analyzed the results of treatment of 85 patients, in whom colostomy with obstructive resection of large bowel (Hartmann type operations) was performed. Optimal terms (two months after the first stage) of reconstruction—restoration operations were proposed as an important factor of social and psychological rehabilitation of the patients. The anastomosis sutures insufficiency have had occurred in 3 (3.5%) patients, two patients died

Experimental research of neutron yield and spectrum from deuterium gas-puff z-pinch on the GIT-12 generator at current above 2 MA

The Z-pinch experiments with deuterium gas-puff surrounded by an outer plasma shell were carried out on the GIT-12 generator (Tomsk, Russia) at currents of 2 MA. The plasma shell consisting of hydrogen and carbon ions was formed by 48 plasma guns. The deuterium gas-puff was created by a fast electromagnetic valve. This configuration provides an efficient mode of the neutron production in DD reaction, and the neutron yield reaches a value above 1012 neutrons per shot. Neutron diagnostics included scintillation TOF detectors for determination of the neutron energy spectrum, bubble detectors BD-PND, a silver activation detector, and several activation samples for determination of the neutron yield analysed by a Sodium Iodide (NaI) and a high-purity Germanium (HPGe) detectors. Using this neutron diagnostic complex, we measured the total neutron yield and amount of high-energy neutrons

Pricing Monitoring Uncertainty in Climate Policy

International audienceThis article assesses the environmental and economic efficiency of three different approaches to treat monitoring uncertainty in climate policy, namely prescribing uncertainty, setting minimum certainty thresholds and pricing uncertainty through a discount. Our model of the behavior of profit-maximizing agents demonstrates that under the simplest set of assumptions the regulator has no interest in reducing monitoring uncertainty. However, in the presence of information asymmetry, monitoring uncertainty may hamper the economic and environmental performance of climate policy due to adverse selection. In a mandatory policy, prescribing a reasonable level of uncertainty is preferable if the regulator has enough information to determine this level. For voluntary mechanisms, such as carbon offsets, allowing agents to set their own monitoring uncertainty below a maximum threshold or discounting carbon revenues in proportion to monitoring uncertainty are the best approaches for the regulator to mitigate the negative effects of information asymmetry. These conclusions are much more pronounced when agents do not accrue revenues from their mitigation action, other than carbon. Our analysis of monitoring uncertainty under information asymmetry, which results in heterogeneity in the agents’ benefits from abatement, generalizes the classical trade-off between production efficiency and information rents

The Organization of Processes Cycles Forming a Climate and Environment. II. Landscape Transformation and Reorganization of Process Cycles

Проблемы трансформации ландшафта под воздействием сочетания климатических, гидрологических и антропогенных факторов, перестройки организации циклов средообразующих и климатообразующих процессов исследованы на основе совместного анализа сопряженных изменений сред, компонентов геосферы и межсистемных отношений в региональной природно-климатической системе. Выявлены цепи причинно-следственных связей процессов. Определены функции влияния сочетаний факторов на гидрологические процессы. Развита концепция формирования модифицированного цикла средообразующих и климатообразующих процессов при трансформации ландшафтов. Разработана структура концептуальной модели перестройки организации цикла климатообразующих процессов и формирования местных природно- климатических условий. Средства описания природных процессов и сочетания факторов, организации межсистемных отношений позволяют проводить анализ изменений в ходе трансформации компонентов.Problems of landscape transformation under influence of climatic, hydrological, and anthropogenesis factors combination and reorganization of the environmental and climate formation cycles have been investigated. It has been done by means of the joint analysis of the associated changes of environments, geosphere components and intersystem relations in regional natural and climatic system. Chains of cause-effect relations of processes are revealed, and influence functions of factor combinations on the hydrological processes are defined. The formation concept of the modified forming cycle of environment and climate processes under transformation of landscapes has been developed. The structure of conceptual model of reorganization of the cycle organization of climate processes and formation of local natural and environmental conditions has been developed. The means of description of the natural processes and the factor combination, the organization of interconnections allow the analysis of changes in the transformation of the components

The Organization of Processes Cycles Forming a Climate and Environment. II. Landscape Transformation and Reorganization of Process Cycles

Проблемы трансформации ландшафта под воздействием сочетания климатических, гидрологических и антропогенных факторов, перестройки организации циклов средообразующих и климатообразующих процессов исследованы на основе совместного анализа сопряженных изменений сред, компонентов геосферы и межсистемных отношений в региональной природно-климатической системе. Выявлены цепи причинно-следственных связей процессов. Определены функции влияния сочетаний факторов на гидрологические процессы. Развита концепция формирования модифицированного цикла средообразующих и климатообразующих процессов при трансформации ландшафтов. Разработана структура концептуальной модели перестройки организации цикла климатообразующих процессов и формирования местных природно- климатических условий. Средства описания природных процессов и сочетания факторов, организации межсистемных отношений позволяют проводить анализ изменений в ходе трансформации компонентов.Problems of landscape transformation under influence of climatic, hydrological, and anthropogenesis factors combination and reorganization of the environmental and climate formation cycles have been investigated. It has been done by means of the joint analysis of the associated changes of environments, geosphere components and intersystem relations in regional natural and climatic system. Chains of cause-effect relations of processes are revealed, and influence functions of factor combinations on the hydrological processes are defined. The formation concept of the modified forming cycle of environment and climate processes under transformation of landscapes has been developed. The structure of conceptual model of reorganization of the cycle organization of climate processes and formation of local natural and environmental conditions has been developed. The means of description of the natural processes and the factor combination, the organization of interconnections allow the analysis of changes in the transformation of the components

Compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period

International audienceThis article provides an ex post analysis of the compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol during the first commitment period (2008-2012) based on the final data for national GHG emissions and exchanges in carbon units that became available at the end of 2015. On the domestic level, among the 36 countries that fully participated in the Kyoto Protocol, only nine countries emitted higher levels of GHGs than committed and therefore had to resort to flexibility mechanisms. On the international level - i.e. after the use of flexibility mechanisms - all Annex B Parties are in compliance. Countries implemented different compliance strategies: purchasing carbon units abroad, stimulating the domestic use of carbon credits by the private sector and incentivizing domestic emission reductions through climate policies.Overall, the countries party to the Protocol surpassed their aggregate commitment by an average 2.4 GtCO(2)e yr(-1). Of the possible explanations for this overachievement, hot-air' was estimated at 2.2 GtCO(2)e yr(-1), while accounting rules for land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) further removed 0.4 GtCO(2)e yr(-1) from the net result excluding LULUCF. The hypothetical participation of the US and Canada would have reduced this overachievement by a net 1 GtCO(2)e yr(-1). None of these factors - some of which may be deemed illegitimate - would therefore on its own have led to global non-compliance, even without use of the 0.3 GtCO(2)e of annual emissions reductions generated by the Clean Development Mechanism. The impact of domestic policies and carbon leakage' - neither of which is quantitatively assessed here - should not be neglected either.Policy relevanceGiven the ongoing evolution of the international climate regime and the adoption of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, we believe that there is a need to evaluate the results of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. To our knowledge there has been no overarching quantitative ex post assessment of the Kyoto Protocol based on the final emissions data for 2008-2012, which became available in late 2015. This article attempts to fill this gap, focusing on the domestic and international compliance of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol in the first commitment period

The Organization of Processes Cycles Forming a Climate and Environment I. Problem statement

Проблемы экосистемных изменений и организации цикла средообразующих и климатообразующих процессов исследованы в рамках системно-эволюционной методологии на основе совместного анализа сопряженных изменений сред, компонентов геосферы и межсистемных отношений в региональной природно-климатической системе. Выявлена климатически значимая роль подвижных циклонов и получены количественные оценки их вклада в изменение характеристик климата Западной Сибири. Условно обратимые преобразования экосистем вызывают межгодовые и условно обратимые многолетние изменения характеристик регионального климата. Направленность и характер эволюционно значимых изменений биосистем, в том числе и биоценозов, определяются их отношениями в рамках многоуровневой иерархии природно- хозяйственных и биоклиматических отношений. Сокращение биомассы и продуктивности биоценозов, уменьшение биоразнообразия свидетельствуют о нарушении естественных процессов экстенсивного развития сообществ организмов в биосфере.Problems of ecosystem changes and the organization of environment and climate formation cycle are investigated. It has been made within the limits of system-evolutionary methodology on the basis of the joint analysis of the associated changes of environments, components of the geosphere and intersystem relations in the regional natural and climatic system. The climatically significant role of mobile cyclones is revealed, and quantitative estimations of their contribution to the change of characteristics of a Western Siberia climate are received. Conditionally reversible transformations of ecosystems cause interannual and conditionally reversible long-term changes of regional climate characteristics. The direction and character of evolutionary significant changes of biosystems (including biocenosis) are defined by their relations within the limits of multilevel hierarchy of natural and economic and bioclimatic relations. A decrease in the biomass and the biocenosis efficiency, and a reduction of biodiversity testify that the period of the natural accumulation of the biomass and the energy of living material in the biosphere and the extensive development of organism communities has ended