ANALISIS KAPASITAS RUANG PARKIR DI PELABUHAN FERRY LABUAN BAJO

<p>Bivariate negative binomial generalized linear mixed model (NB-GLMM) for <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> infection risk among schoolchildren Mbita, Kenya.</p

Relevant information on proteins described in this review.

<p>Relevant information on proteins described in this review.</p

<i>E</i>. <i>histolytica</i> infection and spread of amebiasis; behavior of the causative agent and the parasite life cycle.

<p>Schematic of <i>E</i>. <i>histolytica</i> infection and spread of amebiasis. The <i>Entamoeba</i> life cycle is essentially composed of the proliferating trophozoite and dormant cyst stages. Encystation and excystation are transition steps from trophozoites to cysts and vice versa. Transmission of amebiasis is solely mediated by cysts, and thus blocking encystation halts the spread of this infectious disease.</p

Schematic of proposed <i>Entamoeba</i> cyst formation.

<p>Depiction of the processes involved in <i>Entamoeba</i> cyst formation and their potential causal links. <i>Entamoeba</i> trophozoite self-aggregation via cell–cell interaction is an essential prerequisite process for encystation and is mediated by the binding of receptors to Gal-terminated ligands (left). Diverse pathways are implicated in the regulation of encystation (left and center). Numerous components are involved in forming intact cysts (right); some may be exclusive components in the cyst wall, and others may play versatile roles throughout the processes of cyst formation. Abbreviations used: AR, adrenergic receptor; B4F2, a monoclonal antibody; CP, cysteine protease; CS, cholesteryl sulfate; Gal, galactose; GalNAc, N-acetyl-galactosamine; Hsp90, heat shock protein 90; and UPS, ubiquitin proteasome system.</p

The unique hepatic T cells exhbited the ability to produce IFN-γ, IL-13, and IL-4 simultaneouly.

<p>Hepatic lymphocytes were isolated from <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected mice at 6 weeks PI and ICS was conducted after TCR stimulation. γ4 cells within IL-13-producing CD4⁺ T cell population (A), γ13 cells within IL-4-producing CD4⁺ T cell population (B), and IL-4- and IL-13-secreting cells within IFN-γ-producing CD4⁺ T cell population (C) were analyzed. Data shown are a representative of five independent experiments.</p

Both T-bet and GATA-3 were expressed in a single hepatic γ4 or γ13 cell.

<p>(A and B) Hepatic lymphocytes were isolated from <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected mice and the expressions of T-bet and GAT-3 were analyzed by flowcytometry after TCR stimulation at 6 weeks PI. The numbers in the upper, large insets represent percentages of each population divided by the expressions of T-bet and GATA-3 in γ4 (A) or γ13 (B) cells. The lower, small insets represent the data using isotype control antibodies. Similar results were obtained in three independent experiments.</p

<i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> infection induced robust increase of immune competent cells in the liver.

<p>(A) Hepatic cells isolated from 3 mice were pooled and the cell number was calculated. (B and C) Flowcytometric analysis was conducted with the liver lymphocytes prepared in (A) or the splenocytes. The percentages in (B) represent the proportions in CD3-positive population, and those in (C) express the proportions in population of (B). (A-C) each shows one representative result of three independent experiments.</p

DX5-negative as well as –positive cells displayed the unique cytokine production patterns.

<p>(A and B) Hepatic lymphocytes were isolated from <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected mice and flowcytometric analysis was conducted upon TCR ligation at 6 weeks PI. The numbers in the insets represent percentages of γ4 (A) or γ13 (B) cell population in CD4⁺ DX5-positive or -negative population. This experiment is representative of five independent experiments. (C) Data represent the mean + SD of five independent experiments.</p

CD4⁺ T cells doubly producing IFN-γ and IL-5 were rarely induced after <i>S. mansoni</i> infection.

<p>Hepatic lymphocytes were isolated from <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected mice at 6 weeks PI and ICS was conducted upon TCR ligation. (A) One representative result is shown. The numbers in the insets represent the percentages of γ4, γ13, or γ5 in CD4-positive population. (B) Data represent the mean values + SD of three independent experiments.</p

<i>S. mansoni</i> infection-induced hepatic T cells exhbited the potential to produce uncommon combinations of cytokines.

<p>Hepatic lymphocytes were isolated from <i>S. mansoni</i>-infected mice at indicated time points, and the proportions and absolute numbers of γ4 and γ13 cells were investigated by ICS. (A) One example using hepatic lymphocytes prepared at 6 weeks PI is displayed. (B) The percentages represent the proportions in CD4-positive population. This experiment is representative of three independent experiments.</p