BAHASA DJENAR MAESA AYU DALAM KUMPULAN CERPEN SAIA Analisis Ginokritik

Penelitian ini membahas tentang bahasa yang digunakan Djenar Maesa Ayu dalam kumpulan cerpen SAIA. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis ginokritik, dengan menekankan pada kepengarangan perempuan dan bahasa perempuan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis dan menjelaskan kategori bahasa yang digunakan Djenar Maesa Ayu dalam menghasilkan karya-karyanya. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui tiga tahap metode, yaitu pengumpulan data, analisis data, dan penyajian hasil analisis data. Untuk memudahkan menganalisis, peneliti menggunakan analisis unsur intrinsik dengan membatasi relasi antar unsur dalam struktur yaitu tokoh dan penokohan, latar, konflik, dan gaya bahasa. Ruang lingkup kajian terbatas pada masalah bahasa Djenar Maesa Ayu dalam kumpulan cerpen SAIA. Bahasa Djenar Maesa Ayu terdiri dari tiga kategori bahasa, yaitu makna tersurat dan tersirat, bentuk ekspresi tubuh dalam bahasa perempuan, dan unsur multifokal perempuan. Tiga kategori tersebut merupakan ciri dan bentuk dari kepengarangan perempuan dan bahasa perempuan. Pengarang perempuan menggunakan lambang dan metafora dalam karyanya yang mengacu pada makna tersurat dan tersirat. Lalu, terdapat beberapa bentuk ekspresi tubuh dalam karya Djenar Maesa Ayu yang membenarkan bahwa kepengarangan perempuan cenderung menggunakan bahasa yang rapat dengan aspek tubuh badan perempuan, dari segi pemilihan kata maupun struktur kalimat. Selain itu, unsur multifokal juga merupakan hal identik yang terdapat dalam kepengarangan perempuan, karena perempuan dikenal memiliki banyak pusat berahi (multifokal). Perempuan memiliki dasar pemikiran yang banyak dalam satu masalah dan cara penceritaan pengarang perempuan juga tidak fokus dan kabur. Kata kunci: Cerpen, Djenar Maesa Ayu, Kepengarangan perempuan dan bahasa perempuan, dan Ginokritik

Effect of Five Polymorphisms on Percentage of Oleic Acid in Beef and Investigation of Linkage Disequilibrium to Confirm the Locations of Quantitative Trait Loci on BTA19 in Japanese Black Cattle

Five polymorphisms associated with the percentage of oleic acid (C18:1) in beef fat were previously reported on bovine chromosome 19 in different Japanese Black cattle populations. This study aimed to verify the effects of these five polymorphisms on C18:1 using the same Japanese Black cattle population and conduct linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis in order to determine the locations of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs). We genotyped the five polymorphisms (SREBP1 c.1065 + 83 (84bp indel), STARD3 c.1187 C > T, GH c.379 C > G, FASN g.841 G > C, and FASN g.16024 A > G) in two populations, which were bred in Hyogo and Gifu Prefectures, Japan (n = 441 and 443, respectively) in order to analyze their effects on C18:1 using analysis of variance (ANOVA). In the Hyogo population, SREBP1 c.1065 + 83 and STARD3 c.1187 C > T were significantly associated with C18:1 (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, FASN g.841 G > C, FASN g.16024 A > G, and GH c.379 C > G were significantly associated with C18:1 (p < 0.01) in the Gifu population. LD analysis was subsequently conducted to detect the range of the QTLs, which ranged from 32.2 to 46.4 Mbp and from 47.8 to 52.1 Mbp in the Hyogo and Gifu populations, respectively. In conclusion, this study confirmed the existence of QTLs on BTA19 and divided the candidate region for each QTL based on LD coefficients. These results could contribute to efficient searches for responsible genes and polymorphisms for fatty acid composition

The mtDNA haplogroup P of modern Asian cattle: A genetic legacy of Asian aurochs?

<div><p>Background</p><p>Aurochs (<i>Bos primigenius</i>) were distributed throughout large parts of Eurasia and Northern Africa during the late Pleistocene and the early Holocene, and all modern cattle are derived from the aurochs. Although the mtDNA haplogroups of most modern cattle belong to haplogroups T and I, several additional haplogroups (P, Q, R, C and E) have been identified in modern cattle and aurochs. Haplogroup P was the most common haplogroup in European aurochs, but so far, it has been identified in only three of >3,000 submitted haplotypes of modern Asian cattle.</p><p>Methodology</p><p>We sequenced the complete mtDNA D-loop region of 181 Japanese Shorthorn cattle and analyzed these together with representative bovine mtDNA sequences. The haplotype P of Japanese Shorthorn cattle was analyzed along with that of 36 previously published European aurochs and three modern Asian cattle sequences using the hypervariable 410 bp of the D-loop region.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>We detected the mtDNA haplogroup P in Japanese Shorthorn cattle with an extremely high frequency (83/181). Phylogenetic networks revealed two main clusters, designated as Pa for haplogroup P in European aurochs and Pc in modern Asian cattle. We also report the genetic diversity of haplogroup P compared with the sequences of extinct aurochs. No shared haplotypes are observed between the European aurochs and the modern Asian cattle. This finding suggests the possibility of local and secondary introgression events of haplogroup P in northeast Asian cattle, and will contribute to a better understanding of its origin and genetic diversity.</p></div

The neighbor-joining tree of Japanese Shorthorn mtDNA complete D-loop sequences.

<p>The tree was constructed with representative sequences of the mtDNA haplogroups (T1–T4, I1–2 and P).</p

Comprehensive genotyping analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms responsible for beef marbling in Japanese Black cattle

Abstract Background Beef marbling is considered a desirable trait in the meat industry. Therefore, understanding the genetic factors that cause marbling is important. Previously, we performed a genome-wide association study to examine genetic factors associated with beef marbling in Japanese Black cattle and identified a candidate region between 10–30 Mbp on chromosome 7. We verified the effect of the SNPs in this region on beef marbling using linkage disequilibrium block analysis. We narrowed down the candidate region to a range of 15.8–16.1 Mbp. In this study, we comprehensively detected all of the SNPs in this region and verified their effects on beef marbling. Results Genome resequencing using four animals exhibiting high beef marbling standard (BMS) and four with low BMS revealed a total of 1,846 polymorphisms within the candidate region. Based on the annotation, we selected 13 SNPs exhibiting a moderate impact, as no high-impact SNPs were detected. All of the SNPs represented missense polymorphisms and were located in the following seven genes: RDH8, ANGPTL6, DNMT1, MRPL4, ICAM1, ICAM3, and ICAM5. Finally, we determined the effects of these SNPs on the BMS of a Japanese Black cattle population (n = 529). Analysis of variance revealed that the five SNPs were located in genes encoding the intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM1, ICAM3, and ICAM5), and showed a highly significant association compared with the remainder (p  A (p = 1.18E-04). Previous studies have suggested that intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM) may be an upstream factor that regulates adipocyte differentiation. Therefore, considering the polymorphism and putative gene function, we suggest that ICAM1 is potentially responsible for beef marbling. c.470C > G and/or c.994G > A on ICAM1 may be responsible for this quantitative trait locus. Conclusions Promising SNP candidates responsible for beef marbling were identified using extensive polymorphism verification in a previously reported QTL region. We aim to elucidate the mechanism of beef marbling in future studies by investigating how these polymorphisms alter protein structure and function

Sequence variation observed among 122 <i>Bos</i> samples with haplogroup P.

<p>The samples were from 86 modern cattle (83 Japanese Shorthorn, two Korean cattle, and one Chinese Holstein) and 36 archaeological aurochs. They were aligned with BRS (V00654) using the hypervariable 410 bp (bp 15903–16313). Sequence codes and numbers are given in the first column. Only variable sites, with sequence positions given above, are shown. Identity with the first sequence is denoted by a dash substitution by a different base letter. The haplogroup P of European aurochs (Pa) and modern Asian cattle (Pc) were defined by the network analysis shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0190937#pone.0190937.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>. 1HT: haplotype using the hypervariable 410 bp sequence.</p