Hall effect in cobalt-doped TiO2−δ_{2-\delta}

We report Hall effect measurements on thin films of cobalt-doped TiO$_{2-\delta}$. Films with low carrier concentrations (10$^{18}$ - 10$^{19}$) yield a linear behavior in the Hall data while those having higher carrier concentrations (10$^{21}$ - 10$^{22}$) display anomalous behavior near zero field. In the entire range of carrier concentration, n-type conduction is observed. The appearance of the anomalous behavior is accompanied by a possible structural change from rutile TiO$_{2}$ to Ti_[n}O$_{2n-1}$ Magneli phase(s)

Influence of Glomus Species and Soil Phosphorous on Verticillium Wilt in Bt Cotton

Amendment of single superphosphate to the soil was done at 20mg /kg and 300mg /kg. After that soil was treated with different treatments like a) Verticillium dahliae, b) Glomus species, c) both Verticillium and Glomus species d) None of Glomus species and Verticillium. The Verticillium wilt was more severe in plants infected with Glomus species than non-mycorrhizal plants fertigated at 20mg P / kg of soil. However, in plants fertigated with 300mg P / kg of soil, Verticillium wilt was equally severe in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. More propagules of V. dahliae were found in the plants fertigated with 20mg P / kg of soil, in petioles of mycorrhizal plants than that of non-mycorrhizal plants. The plants fertigated with 300mg P / kg of soil reported maximum number of propagules of V. dahliae were not significantly different in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants.  It was found that infection of V. dahliae in Bt cotton by Glomus species was not affected in plants fertigated with 20mg P / kg of soil.  The infection was inhibited by phosphorous and further by V. dahliae in plants fertigated with 300mg P / kg of soil.  The concentrations of phosphorous in the leaves of the treated plants were found similar to the treated mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants fertigated with 20mg P / kg of soil. The plants infected with V. dahliae alone were found lower than the plants infected with both V. dahliae and Glomus species

Electric Field Effect in Diluted Magnetic Insulator Anatase Co:TiO2

An external electric field induced reversible modulation of room temperature magnetic moment is achieved in an epitaxial and insulating thin film of dilutely cobalt-doped anatase TiO2. This first demonstration of electric field effect in any oxide based diluted ferromagnet is realized in a high quality epitaxial heterostructure of PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3/Co:TiO2/SrRuO3 grown on (001) LaAlO3. The observed effect, which is about 15% in strength in a given heterostructure, can be modulated over several cycles. Possible mechanisms for electric field induced modulation of insulating ferromagnetism are discussed.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure

Revising Knowledge Discovery for Object Representation with Spatio-Semantic Feature Integration

In large social networks, web objects become increasingly popular. Multimedia object classification and representation is a necessary step of multimedia information retrieval. Indexing and organizing these web objects for the purpose of convenient browsing and search of the objects, and to effectively reveal interesting patterns from the objects. For all these tasks, classifying the web objects into manipulable semantic categories is an essential procedure. One important issue for classification of objects is the representation of images. To perform supervised classification tasks, the knowledge is extracted from unlabeled objects through unsupervised learning. In order to represent the images in a more meaningful and effective way rather than using the basic Bag-of-words (BoW) model, a novel image representation model called Bag-of-visual phrases(BoP) is used. In this model visual words are obtained using hierarchical clustering and visual phrases are generated by vector classifier of visual words. To obtain the Spatio-semantic correlation knowledge the frequently co-occurring pairs are calculated from visual vocabulary. After the successful object representation, the tags, comments, and descriptions of web objects are separated by using most likelihood method. The spatial and semantic differentiation power of image features can be enhanced via this BoP model and likelihood method. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15065

Banking Finance through Self Help Groups (SHGs): A Tool For Socioeconomic Growth of Rural Area.

Poverty is a term with which many developing countries are suffering. The financial requirement is one of the basic needs of the poorer section of the society for socio-economic development.The present research paper is an attempt to study the role of Banking-Finance and Self-Help-Groups (SHGs) for the socio-economic development of poor people in rural area

REVIEW: FAST DISSOLVING TABLET

Fast dissolving tablets is one of the most widely accepted dosage forms and also most popular dosage form, especially for pediatric patients because of incomplete development of the muscular and nervous system and a case of geriatric patients suffering from Parkinson's disorder or hand tremors. Some solid dosage forms like tablets and capsules are present days facing the problems like difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia), resulting in many incidences of non-compliance and making the therapy ineffective. Oral dosage form and oral route are the most preferred route of administration for various drugs have limitations like the first-pass metabolism. Fast dissolving tablets are one of them. FDT have benefits such as accurate dosing, easy portability and manufacturing, good physical and chemical stability and an ideal alternative for pediatric and geriatric patients. Some tablets are designed to dissolve fastly in saliva, within a few seconds, and are true fast-dissolving tablets. Others contain agents to enhance the rate of tablet disintegration in the oral cavity and are more appropriately termed fast-disintegrating tablets, as they may take up to a minute to completely disintegrate

MARINE BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA: LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND CHALLENGES

Marine biodiversity in India encompasses a diverse array of ecosystems, species, and genetic resources, playing a crucial role in the nation's natural heritage and ecological balance. The legal framework governing marine biodiversity primarily consists of legislations such as the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972, Forest (Conservation) Act of 1980, Environment (Protection) Act of 1986, Biological Diversity Act of 2002, and Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notifications. These laws aim to regulate activities affecting marine biodiversity and promote sustainable practices. However, despite the existence of these legal instruments, India faces significant challenges in marine biodiversity conservation, including overfishing, habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change impacts. Insufficient enforcement, inadequate monitoring, and coordination gaps further hinder effective conservation efforts. This paper discusses the legal framework, key challenges, and emphasizes the need for integrated approaches and collaborative efforts to ensure the sustainable management and preservation of India's marine biodiversity. Keywords: Marine biodiversity, National & International legal framework, conservation, challenges & Measures

Temperature dependent optical studies of Ti1−x_{1-x}Cox_xO2_2

We present the results of Raman and photoluminescence (PL) studies on epitaxial anatase phase Ti$_{1-x}$Co$_x$O$_2$ films for $x$ = 0-0.07, grown by pulsed laser deposition. The low doped system ($x$=0.01 and 0.02) shows a Curie temperature of ~700 K in the as-grown state. The Raman spectra from the doped and undoped films confirm their anatase phase. The photoluminescence spectrum is characterized by a broad emission from self-trapped excitons (STE) at 2.3 eV at temperatures below 120 K. This peak is characteristic of the anatase-phase TiO$_2$ and shows a small blueshift with increasing doping concentration. In addition to the emission from STE, the Co-doped samples show two emission lines at 2.77 eV and 2.94 eV that are absent in the undoped film indicative of a spin-flip energy.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure