Review of Mooshika Visha (Rat Poison) : Ayurvedic Concept

Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine having eight important branches. Agada Tantra is one of them which deals with Visha (poison) its manifestation and its treatment. In Ayurvedic texts Mooshika Visha is described well. There are eighteen types of Mooshika, signs and symptoms of their bite and its treatment is described by Sushrutaacharya and Vaagbhataacharya. There are five modes of spread of Mooshika (rat) poison. Semen, faeces, urine, scratches by nails and bites with teeth of Mooshika are poisonous. In case of Mooshika bite, bite site should be cauterized and blood letting should be done. After this various drugs paste should be applied on bite site. Various putrifictory therapies should be given e.g. Vamana (Vomiting), Virechana (Purgation), Nasya (Nasal medication), anjana (Collyrium) etc. Various drug preparations like medicated ghee, decoctions, paste of drugs, juice of drugs are described. Ayurvedic treatment of Mooshika poisoning can be given in all diseases where source of infection is rat

Targeted isolation of antibiofilm compounds from halophytic endophyte Bacillus velezensis 7NPB-3B using LC-HR-MS-based metabolomics

The discovery of new natural products has become more challenging because of the re-isolation of compounds and the lack of new sources. Microbes dwelling in extreme conditions of high salinity and temperature are huge prospects for interesting natural metabolites. In this study, the endophytic bacteria Bacillus velezensis 7NPB-3B isolated from the halophyte Salicornia brachiata was screened for its biofilm inhibition against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The fractionation of the crude extract was guided by bioassay and LC-HRMS-based metabolomics using multivariate analysis. The 37 fractions obtained by high-throughput chromatography were dereplicated using an in-house MS-Excel macro coupled with the Dictionary of Natural Products database. Successive bioactivity-guided separation yielded one novel compound (1), a diketopiperazine (m/z 469.258 [M − H]−) with an attached saturated decanoic acid chain, and four known compounds (2–5). The compounds were identified based on 1D- and 2D-NMR and mass spectrometry. Compounds 1 and 5 exhibited excellent biofilm inhibition properties of >90% against the MRSA pathogen at minimum inhibition concentrations of 25 and 35 µg/mL, respectively. The investigation resulted in the isolation of a novel diketopiperazine from a bacterial endophyte of an untapped plant using an omics approach

Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Glycosylated Macrolactam Analogues of the Macrolide Antibiotic YC‐17

YC‐17 is a 12‐membered ring macrolide antibiotic produced from Streptomyces venezuelae ATCC 15439 and is composed of the polyketide macrolactone 10‐deoxymethynolide appended with D‐desosamine. In order to develop structurally diverse macrolactam analogues of YC‐17 with improved therapeutic potential, a combined approach involving chemical synthesis and engineered cell‐based biotransformation was employed. Eight new antibacterial macrolactam analogues of YC‐17 were generated by supplying a novel chemically synthesized macrolactam aglycone to S. venezuelae mutants harboring plasmids capable of synthesizing several unnatural sugars for subsequent glycosylation. Some YC‐17 macrolactam analogues were active against erythromycin‐resistant bacterial pathogens and displayed improved metabolic stability in vitro. The enhanced therapeutic potential demonstrated by these glycosylated macrolactam analogues reveals the unique potential of chemoenzymatic synthesis in antibiotic drug discovery and development.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113147/1/adsc_201500250_sm_miscellaneous_information.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/113147/2/2697_ftp.pd

Utilization of decorticated cottonseed meal with or without protease in diets of broiler chicken

The present study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of decorticated cottonseed meal (DCSM, non- detectable free-gossypol) with or without supplemental protease on the basis of growth performance, nutrient utilization and feed-cost of production in broiler chicken. Accordingly, a six weeks (0 to 6 weeks of age of broiler chickens) feeding trial was conducted following 5 × 2 factorial design involving five dietary levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) of DCSM, with (0.035%) or without protease in a standard broiler chicken diet. Day-old chicks (320) were divided into 40 groups of eight birds each (replicate) and each dietary treatment was offered to four replicated groups. There was no significant difference in body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio, protein and energy utilization efficiency due to levels of decorticated cottonseed meals in diets replacing soybean meal of control diet and protease supplementation. Nitrogen retention was not influenced either by cottonseed meal or by protease in diet. There was no adverse effect on cellular as well as humoral immunity on addition of cottonseed meal in diet. Addition of protease in diet did not improve the above mentioned performance parameters. Feed-cost of production decreased significantly and linearly on addition of cottonseed meal at graded levels. The present study revealed that incorporation of DCSM up to 20% level in diet, either with or without enzyme supplementation, did not affect growth performance of broiler chicken during 0–6 weeks of age. Therefore, decorticated cottonseed meal can safely and effectively be included up to 20% level without enzyme supplementation in maize-soybean based diets of broiler chickens replacing soybean meal for profitable broiler production

Classification based on Predictive Association Rule for Discrimination Prevention

In data mining, discrimination is the subject which has been extensively studied in social and economic science. However, there are negative perceptions about data mining. Discrimination comes under two categories one is direct and second is indirect. Decisions based on sensitive attributes are termed as direct discrimination and the decisions which are based on non-sensitive attributes are termed as indirect discrimination which is strongly correlated with biased sensitive once. There are many new techniques proposed for solving discrimination prevention problems by applying direct or indirect discrimination prevention individually or both at the same time. New metrics to evaluate the utility were proposed and are compared with approaches. The proposed work discusses how privacy preservation and prevention between discrimination is implementing with the help of post processing approach. The Classification based on predictive association rules (CPAR) is a kind of association classification methods which combines the advantages of both associative classification and traditional rule-based classification which is used to prevent discrimination prevention in post processing by improving accuracy

Macrocycles and Supramolecules as Antioxidants: Excellent Scaffolds for Development of Potential Therapeutic Agents

Oxidative stress due to the high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage biomolecules (lipids, proteins, DNA) results in acute inflammation. However, without proper intervention, acute inflammation progresses to chronic inflammation and then to several chronic diseases, including cancer, myocardial infarction, cardiovascular diseases, chronic inflammation, atherosclerosis, and more. There has been extensive research on the antioxidants of natural origin. However, there are myriad possibilities for the development of synthetic antioxidants for pharmacological applications. There is an increasing interest in the identification of novel synthetic antioxidants for the modulation of biochemical processes related to ROS. In this regard, derivatives of supramolecules, such as calix[n]arene, resorcinarene, calixtyrosol, calixpyrrole, cucurbit[n]uril, porphyrin etc. are gaining attention for their abilities to scavenge the free radicals. Supramolecular chemistry offers excellent scaffolds for the development of novel antioxidants that can be used to modulate free radical reactions and to improve the disorders related to oxidative stress. This review focuses on the interdisciplinary approach for the design and development of novel synthetic antioxidants based on supramolecular scaffolds, with potentially protective effects against oxidative stress

Targeted Isolation of Antibiofilm Compounds from Halophytic Endophyte <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> 7NPB-3B Using LC-HR-MS-Based Metabolomics

The discovery of new natural products has become more challenging because of the re-isolation of compounds and the lack of new sources. Microbes dwelling in extreme conditions of high salinity and temperature are huge prospects for interesting natural metabolites. In this study, the endophytic bacteria Bacillus velezensis 7NPB-3B isolated from the halophyte Salicornia brachiata was screened for its biofilm inhibition against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The fractionation of the crude extract was guided by bioassay and LC-HRMS-based metabolomics using multivariate analysis. The 37 fractions obtained by high-throughput chromatography were dereplicated using an in-house MS-Excel macro coupled with the Dictionary of Natural Products database. Successive bioactivity-guided separation yielded one novel compound (1), a diketopiperazine (m/z 469.258 [M − H]−) with an attached saturated decanoic acid chain, and four known compounds (2–5). The compounds were identified based on 1D- and 2D-NMR and mass spectrometry. Compounds 1 and 5 exhibited excellent biofilm inhibition properties of >90% against the MRSA pathogen at minimum inhibition concentrations of 25 and 35 µg/mL, respectively. The investigation resulted in the isolation of a novel diketopiperazine from a bacterial endophyte of an untapped plant using an omics approach

Selective Partition of Lipopeptides from Fermentation Broth: A Green and Sustainable Approach

Lipopeptide (LP) biosurfactants from microbes have the potential to gradually replace chemical synthetic surfactants and fit the contemporary green and sustainable industrial production concept. However, their active participation is comparatively low in the global market pertaining to their low yield in microbial broth and costly downstream processes arising due to tedious isolation and purification methods. Herein, an efficient extraction method is developed that utilizes an aqueous biphasic system (ABS) comprising ionic liquids and polypropylene glycol 400 (PPG) to selectively extract a mixture of cyclic lipopeptides, namely, surfactin and fengycin from the culture broth of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 5NPA-1, isolated from the halophyte Salicornia brachiata Roxb. Out of four different ABSs, the ABS composed of 2-hydroxyethyl ammonium formate and PPG displayed a maximum extraction efficiency of 82.30%. PPG-rich phase containing lipopeptides exhibited excellent antimicrobial and mosquito larvicidal properties with no toxic effect on plants. The developed method is simple, novel and accelerates the application of cyclic lipopeptides produced by the microbial source