Avaliar o impacto das intervenções escolares baseadas nos mandatos do NCLB no estado de New York: Será que servem as mesmas soluções para todos?

This study examines the efficacy and moderators of New York State interventions for schools in need of improvement under NCLB, including: (1) school transfer, (2) supplementary education service (3) corrective action, (4) planning for restructuring, and (5) restructuring. Despite the fact that schools in increasingly aggressive treatment groups had higher performance gains relative to schools in good standing, propensity score matching analysis results reveal negative or null effects of the interventions. There are indications of treatment effect heterogeneity and the effects varied by the year of implementation and the propensity of treatment assignment (schooling conditions prior to interventions). The findings of our study have implications for both theory of action and program implementation.Este estudio examina la eficacia y los desafíos de las intervenciones estatales en Nueva York para escuelas que necesitan mejoramiento bajo el mandato de la ley NCLB, incluyendo: (1) la transferencia de la escuela, (2) servicios educativos suplementarios (SES) (3) acciones correctivas, (4) planificación de reestructuración y (5) reestructuración. Mientras que las escuelas en los grupos de tratamiento más agresivos tuvieron mayores ganancias de rendimiento en relación con las escuelas en buen estado, resultados de análisis de propensión revelan efectos negativos o nulos de las intervenciones. Hay indicios de heterogeneidad del efecto del tratamiento y los efectos varían según el año de puesta en práctica y la propensión de la asignación al tratamiento (condiciones de escolarización antes de intervenciones). Los resultados de nuestro estudio tienen consecuencias tanto para la teoría de la acción como de la implementación del programa.O presente estudo analisa a eficácia e os desafios das intervenções do estado de Nova York em escolas que precisam ser melhoradas sob o mandato NCLB, incluindo: (1) a transferência da escola, (2) serviços educacionais suplementares (SES) (3) ações corretivas, (4) plano de reestruturação, e (5) reestruturação. Enquanto as escolas em grupos de tratamento mais agressivos tiveram ganhos de desempenho superiores em relação às escolas em bom estado, os resultados da análise de propensão revelam efeitos negativos ou nulos dessas intervenções. Há evidências de heterogeneidade do efeito do tratamento e os efeitos variam de acordo com o ano de aplicação e a propensão de atribuição do tratamento (antes das intervenções e condições de  escolaridade). Os resultados do nosso estudo têm implicações para a teoria da ação e da implementação do programa

ムシロ ノ ヨソウ イガイセイ ニ ツイテ

　陳述副詞の中でも比較の意味をもつものにムシロ・カエッテ・イッソがある。この3 語の中で、比較される物事の価値・状況・能力・範囲・程度の差を最も幅広く対比しうる副詞が、ムシロである。このムシロについて、従来の研究や辞典では、「ムシロの意味は比較・選択・評価・判断の4 つである」と説明されているが、これを越える説明はほとんどない。　ムシロで対比されている比較項Ａと比較項Ｂとの意味関係に注目し、選択される比較項Ｂや比較項Ａや前提条件などが、どのような情報として対比されているかを検討した。さらに、従来から予想に反する結果を導く意味があるとされているカエッテ・イッソなどと比較すると、カエッテ・イッソと同様にムシロにも「予想に反する結果を表す」という「予想意外性」があることが確認することができた。また、ムシロの使われた文には比較項Ａと比較項Ｂの意味関係において「一般常識、共通認識、前提」のようなものが必ず存在し、それらが「予想意外性」を生んでいると解釈された。　本稿では、考察を通して、ムシロの意味として「比較・選択・評価・判断」の4 つのほか、「予想意外性」を考慮すべきことを主張する。　“Mushiro” is an adverb that most broadly demonstrates di erences of value, situation, ability, range, and degree, in comparison with declaratory adverbs: “kaette”, and “isso”.　From the conventional description and studies of “mushiro”, it is found that its meaning has four elements, which are “comparison, selection, evaluation, and decision”. However, other possible meanings besides these four have not been demonstrated. This study includes “unexpectedness”, which embodies a sense of “rather”, as an additional meaning of “mushiro”, with the previous four connotations of “comparison, selection, evaluation, and decision”.　First, this article examines whether “mushiro”, when used in a comparison of A and B, has the signi cance of “unexpectedness”. It is studied whether it is similar with the usage of “rather” in sentences by focusing on the comparison between A and B （di erence of value, situation, ability, range, and degree）.　Furthermore, I inductively proved that “mushiro has a meaning of unexpectedness”, compared with the meanings of “kaette” and “isso”, which have already been veri ed in preceding studies to be the opposite of unexpectedness.　As a result, I found out that any sentence containing “mushiro” has an “unexpectedness” meaning involved by examining a comparison of A and B in sentences which contain at least a connotation of “general knowledge,common sense and premise”

Frailty Related to the Exposure to Particulate Matter and Ozone: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study

This study aims to identify the association between the concentration of particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5), <10 μm (PM10), and ozone (O3) and frailty. The Korean Frailty Scale (KFS, 0–6 points) assessing physical, psychological, and social frailty, was applied to 2912 community-dwelling older adults between April 2016 and December 2017. Daily average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and O3 (2015–2017) were obtained and matched with the residential areas. The frailty risk associated with exposure to PM2.5, PM10, and O3 was evaluated using multiple logistic regression after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, lifestyle, socioeconomic status, and comorbidity. Participants were categorized into robust (0 points, 28.7%), pre-frail (1–2 points, 50.1%), and frail (≥3 points, 21.2%) groups. Each 1 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 and PM10 increased the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the frail group compared to the robust group: 1.055 (1.002, 1.112) and 1.095 (1.060, 1.131), and the pre-frail group: 1.053 (1.017, 1.090) and 1.062 (1.037, 1.087), respectively. Each 1-ppb increase of O3 increased the OR (95% CI) of the frail group: 1.041 (1.023, 1.059) and the pre-frail group: 1.005 (0.985, 1.025). PM2.5, PM10, and O3 may be associated dose-dependently with the frailty

Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Cognitive Impairment in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: The Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between ambient air pollutants and cognitive impairment in Korean older adults. The cognitive function of 2,896 participants aged 70 to 84 years was measured using the Korean version of the mini-mental state examination, the digit span test, the word list learning test, and the frontal assessment battery. After matching the average concentrations of particulate matter (PM) <10 μm in size (PM10) and <2.5 μm (PM2.5), NO2, CO, SO2, and O3 between 2013 and 2017, the association between air pollutants and cognitive scales was analyzed using a linear mixed regression and a multiple logistic regression analysis (after adjusting for age, sex, health related behaviors, socioeconomic status, comorbidity, and meteorological data). Exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO was associated with cognitive impairment above and beyond age or education level effects. Specifically, PM2.5 was negatively associated with most components of the cognitive scales (interquartile range for PM2.5: 2.0 μg/m3, odds ratio for poor global cognition: 2.28, 95% confidence interval: 1.60–3.26). These associations may be affected by sex, residence area, or alcohol intake. Conclusively, air pollutants, especially PM2.5, were associated with cognitive impairment, including global cognition, attention, memory, and executive function in Korean older adults aged ≥70 years

Long-term exposure to ambient air pollutants and mental health status: A nationwide population-based cross-sectional study.

There is a suspected but unproven association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and mental health. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and subjective stress, depressive disorders, health-related quality of life (QoL) and suicide. We selected 124,205 adults from the Korean Community Health Survey in 2013 who were at least 19 years old and who had lived in their current domiciles for > five years. Based on the computer-assisted personal interviews to measure subjective stress in daily life, EuroQoL-5 dimensions, depression diagnosis by a doctor, suicidal ideation, and suicidal attempts, we evaluated the risk of mental disorders using multiple logistic regression analysis according to the quartiles of air pollutants, such as particulate matter <10μm (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide, using yearly average concentration between August 2012 and July 2013. The prevalence of high stress, poor QoL, depressiveness, diagnosis of depression, and suicide ideation was positively associated with high concentrations of PM10, NO2, and CO after adjusting for confounding factors. Men were at increased risk of stress, poor QoL, and depressiveness from air pollution exposure than were women. The risk of higher stress or poor QoL in subjects < age 65 increased with air pollution more than did that in subjects ≥ age 65. Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution may be an independent risk factor for mental health disorders ranging from subjective stress to suicide ideation

Discrepancies in the Prevalence of Known Frailty Scales: Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study

Background: The identification of frailty is considered an effective means of enhancing healthy aging. The definition of frailty affects its prevalence and associated institutionalization and mortality. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling older Korean adults according to different frailty scales. Methods: This cross-sectional study based on the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study represents a population of 1,318 people aged 70 years and older. Discrepancies in the prevalence of frailty were evaluated among six validated assessment tools. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the prevalence of frailty according to its predictors (age, sex, and socioeconomic status). Results: The mean age of the participants was 76.1 (standard deviation, 3.9) years, and females comprised 51.0%. The prevalence of frailty varied from 2.5% to 12.4% using the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture frailty index and the Korean version of the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, and Loss of Weight scale, respectively. The prevalence of frailty was higher among women and frailty rates increased with age on all scales. The risks of prefrailty and frailty were increased among participants with a low education level after adjusting for age, sex, residence, and income level. Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of frailty was found to vary depending on the scale used. Efforts aimed at screening and providing intervention for frailty and frail adults at risk, respectively, are needed to improve health outcomes considering the characteristics of each frailty scale and the determined prevalence

Discrepancies in the Prevalence of Known Frailty Scales: Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study

Background: The identification of frailty is considered an effective means of enhancing healthy aging. The definition of frailty affects its prevalence and associated institutionalization and mortality. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling older Korean adults according to different frailty scales. Methods: This cross-sectional study based on the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study represents a population of 1,318 people aged 70 years and older. Discrepancies in the prevalence of frailty were evaluated among six validated assessment tools. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the prevalence of frailty according to its predictors (age, sex, and socioeconomic status). Results: The mean age of the participants was 76.1 (standard deviation, 3.9) years, and females comprised 51.0%. The prevalence of frailty varied from 2.5% to 12.4% using the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture frailty index and the Korean version of the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illnesses, and Loss of Weight scale, respectively. The prevalence of frailty was higher among women and frailty rates increased with age on all scales. The risks of prefrailty and frailty were increased among participants with a low education level after adjusting for age, sex, residence, and income level. Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of frailty was found to vary depending on the scale used. Efforts aimed at screening and providing intervention for frailty and frail adults at risk, respectively, are needed to improve health outcomes considering the characteristics of each frailty scale and the determined prevalence