COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON PARIKARTIKA (FISSURE-IN-ANO)

The health of an individual depends solely on his diet and life style. Diet plays very important role in Parikartika which is evident by references. The earliest reference of Parikartika is available from Sushrutha Samhitha (1500 B.C). Description about Parikartika is also available in all Bruhatrayees and later classics. Parikartika is referred in Brihatrayees not as an independent disease but as a complication of Bastikarma and Virechana (vyapath). Fissure-in-ano is very commonly encountered in current day to day practice. About 30-40% of the population suffer from proctologic pathologies at least once in their life. Anal fissure comprises of 10-15% of anorectal disorders and is characterized by excruciating pain during and after defecation, bleeding per anus with spasm of anal sphincter. Parikartika is characterized by Kartanavat and Chedanavat shoola in Guda. Similarly Fissure-in-ano is also characterized by sharp cutting pain in anal region. In Parikartika, Teevra shoola, Piccha-asra are seen, similarly severe pain and slimy blood discharge are seen in Fissure-in-ano. Parikartika is treated with internal medications and local applications formulated by using Madhura, Sheeta, Snigdha dravyas. Local therapies in the form of Anuvasana basti, Picchabasti, Madhura, Kashaya dravya Siddha basti taila poorana, Lepa, Pichu dharana are given prime importance in the management. Sentinel Piles is a sequel of chronic fissure-in-ano. In Ayurvedic text no specific description available as a sequel of Parikartika but lots of references available with help of that we can compare Sentinel Piles with Ayurvedic pathogenesis. In Ayurvedic text information available on Shushkarsh, Bahyarsh, Vataj, Janmottar-kalaj Arsha can be correlated with Sentinel Piles.

Concept of Gudavarti w.s.r. to Rectal Suppositories

Suppositories are solid dosage preparations prepared by moulding or compression intended for its insertion into body orifices like the rectum, vagina and the urethra. Suppositories melts and exhibits local or systemic effects. Rectal route of drug administration encorporates absorption of the drug through rectal blood vessels to exhibit desired therapeutic action. Rectal suppositories can be the best choice for drugs that are either too irritative to the gut or more effective when partly metabolized by the liver. Varti Kalpana is a variant of Vati Kalpana with similar method of preparation. Varti are solid and are wick shaped with tapering ends intended for easy insertion into body orifices. Based on the site of insertion, Ayurveda explains Guda Varti, Yoni Varti and Sishna Varti. Different types of Varti have been explained based on its size, site of application, composition and action. Various methods of its preparation has been explained both in the classical literature and in contemporary science. Rectal suppositories offer patients an option that is less invasive and less discomforting and which proves to be a convenient drug delivery option especially in patients with rectal complaints. It can be appreciated that Varti Kalpana was used in practice since ancient times and that recent advancement of suppositories is just its slight modification. A detailed study of both the Varti and the suppositories help us draw many similarities between the two

Role of Apamarga Yavakshara in the management of Mutrashmari - A Conceptual Study

Mutrashmari is one of the most common disorders of the Mutravaha Srotas. It is one of the Astamahagada and considered as "Yama” because sometimes it causes acute excruciating pain.[1] In contemporary medical science it is correlated with urolithiasis. Symptoms in general include radiating pain from loin to groin, hematuria, burning micturition, malaise. Prevalence of Urolithiasis varies according to geographical distribution, sex and age. The treatment modalities of urolithiasis in conventional science are conservative medications and surgical procedures which are expensive, involve invasive treatments, needs hospitalization and in most of the cases recurrence rate is high. Ayurveda explains variety of Yogas for the management of Mutrashmari. A combination of Apamarga and Yava Kshara is indicated in Mutrashmari as per Rasatarangini.[2] So this study is taken up, to explore the combined effect of Apamarga and Yava Kshara in Mutrashmari keeping in view the shortcomings of different modern medical treatments

Maggot debridement therapy an Ayurvedic understanding

Maggot debridement therapy also known as larva therapy, bio debridement or bio surgery, is practiced widely in Western countries. It manages to clean the wound by removing dead and infected tissue (‘debridement’), disinfecting the wound (kill bacteria).[1] The available references say that this procedure was started during the late 1920s by William Bear, at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. He first studied lifecycle of maggots, successfully treated the wounds and published a series of articles. And he recommended to rear and disinfect the maggots and he is the one to recommend application of specific species of blow flies. This method of Wound debridement has been explained in our classical treaties Sushruta Samhita by The Father of Indian surgery - Acharya Sushruta in the name of Krimi Utpattikara Chikitsa in the context of Arbuda

Human amniotic membrane as a chondrocyte carrier vehicle/substrate: in vitro study

Human amniotic membrane (HAM) is an established biomaterial used in many clinical applications. However, its use for tissue engineering purposes has not been fully realized. A study was therefore conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using HAM as a chondrocyte substrate/carrier. HAMs were obtained from fresh human placenta and were process to produced air dried HAM (AdHAM) and freeze dried HAM (FdHAM). Rabbit chondrocytes were isolated and expanded in vitro and seeded onto these preparations. Cell proliferation, GAG expression and GAG/cell expression were measured at days 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 21, and 28. These were compared to chondrocytes seeded onto plastic surfaces. Histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy was performed to observe cell attachment. There was significantly higher cell proliferation rates observed between AdHAM (13-51, P=0.001) or FdHAM (18-48, p=0.001) to chondrocytes in monolayer. Similarly, GAG and GAG/cell expressed in AdHAM (33-82, p=0.001; 22-60, p=0.001) or FdHAM (41-81, p=0.001: 28-60, p=0.001) were significantly higher than monolayer cultures. However, no significant differences were observed in the proliferation rates (p=0.576), GAG expression (p=0.476) and GAG/cell expression (p=0.135) between AdHAM and FdHAM. The histology and scanning electron microscopy assessments demonstrates good chondrocyte attachments on both HAMs. In conclusion, both AdHAM and FdHAM provide superior chondrocyte proliferation, GAG expression, and attachment than monolayer cultures making it a potential substrate/carrier for cell based cartilage therapy and transplantation. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 99A: 500-506, 2011