COMPARISON IN LOWER LIMB KINEMATICS AFFECTING RUNNING ECONOMY OF TRAINED AND UNTRAINED RUNNERS

This study compared trained and untrained runners to explore factors affecting running economy(RE). Trained male and untrained male distance runners participated in this study. The trained participants ran for 4 min at 6 different constant speeds, while the untrained participants ran at 4 different constant speeds on a level treadmill. During the test, respiratory variables associated with RE were continuously measured using an expiration gas analysis system. Stride parameters such as step length and frequency, as well as phase time and joint kinematics such as joint angles, range of motion, and joint angular velocity of the lower limb joints were calculated from marker coordinates. There was a significant difference in RE between trained and untrained runners. Some stride characteristics significantly affected both training and RE

Non-linear modelling of the effects of strain on transition metal surfaces

A sequence of polynomial expressions have been shown to describe the strained surface energy of low-index hexagonal and square transition metal surfaces. Distinguishable functions describe the hexagonal FCC(111) and HCP(0001) surfaces, but a single function describes the FCC(100) and BCC(100) surfaces. A far weaker dependence exists between the strained surface energy and the electronic state of the surface, and the competition between geometric and electronic states across is discussed

Quantitative evaluations of vortex vein ampullae by adjusted 3D reverse projection model of ultra-widefield fundus images

The purpose of this study was to determine the number and location of vortex vein ampullae (VVA) in normal eyes. This was an observational retrospective study. Montage images of one on-axis and two off-axis ultra-widefield images of 74 healthy eyes were enhanced, and reverse projected onto a 3D model eye. The number and distance between the optic disc to each VVA in the four sectors were compared. The significance of correlations between these values and age, sex, visual acuity, refractive error, and axial length was determined. The mean number of VVA was 8.10/eye with 1.84, 2.12, 2.19 and 1.95 in upper lateral, lower lateral, upper nasal, and lower nasal sectors, respectively. The mean number of VVA/eye was significantly greater in men at 8.43 than women at 7.76 (P = 0.025). The mean distance between the optic disc and VVA was 14.15 mm, and it was 14.04, 15.55, 13.29 and 13.66 mm in the upper lateral, lower lateral, upper nasal and lower nasal sectors, respectively (all P < 0.05). The number and location of VVA can be obtained non-invasively, and the number was significantly higher in men than women. This technique can be used to determine whether these values are altered in a retinochoroidal disease