Moisture increase in response to high-altitude warming evidenced by tree-rings on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Rapid warming has been observed in the high-altitude areas around the globe, but the implications on moisture change are not fully understood. Here we use tree-rings to reveal common moisture change on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) during the past five centuries, and show that regional moisture change in late spring to early summer (April–June) is closely related to large-scale temperature anomaly over the TP, with increased moisture coincident with periods of high temperature. The most recent pluvial during the 1990s–2000s is likely the wettest for the past five centuries, which coincides with the warmest period on the TP during the past millennium. Dynamic analysis reveals that vertical air convection is enhanced in response to anomalous TP surface warming, leading to an increase in lower-tropospheric humidity and effective precipitation over the southeastern TP. The coherent warm-wet relationship identified in both tree-rings and dynamic analysis implies a generally wetter condition on the southeastern TP under future warming.postprin

Highly Selective Conversion of CH4 to High Value-Added C1 Oxygenates over Pd Loaded ZnTi-LDH

The selective oxidation of methane to high value-added liquid oxygenated compounds under mild conditions is of great significance to promote the efficient utilization of the carbon source, but it also faces the dilemma of low activity and over-oxidation. Here, ZnTi-layered double hydroxides (LDH)-A200 photocatalysts with Pd loading are prepared to achieve efficient oxidation of methane, with O2 as an oxidant under ambient condition. The highest generation rate of C1 liquid products (methanol and formaldehyde) reaches 4924.47 µmol g−1 h−1 with a selectivity close to 100% over 0.5Pd-ZnTi-LDH-A200, which is 20 times higher than that of bare ZnTi-LDH-A200. The photochemical results show that the modified photocatalysts present much higher generation and separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs. In situ X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that Pd nanoparticles are the hole acceptor, which is beneficial to charge separation in the photocatalysis. Furthermore, electron spinresonance spectroscopy and temperature–programmed–desorption analysis prove that Pd loading is helpful to the adsorption of methane and oxygen on the surface of ZnTi-LDH-A200, promoting the production of reactive oxygen species and activation of methane. All these factors work together to promote the efficient conversion of CH4 to high value-added C1 oxygenates

Simultaneous image color correction and enhancement using particle swarm optimization

Color images captured under various environments are often not ready to deliver the desired quality due to adverse effects caused by uncontrollable illumination settings. In particular, when the illuminate color is not known a priori, the colors of the objects may not be faithfully reproduced and thus impose difficulties in subsequent image processing operations. Color correction thus becomes a very important pre-processing procedure where the goal is to produce an image as if it is captured under uniform chromatic illumination. On the other hand, conventional color correction algorithms using linear gain adjustments focus only on color manipulations and may not convey the maximum information contained in the image. This challenge can be posed as a multi-objective optimization problem that simultaneously corrects the undesirable effect of illumination color cast while recovering the information conveyed from the scene. A variation of the particle swarm optimization algorithm is further developed in the multi-objective optimization perspective that results in a solution achieving a desirable color balance and an adequate delivery of information. Experiments are conducted using a collection of color images of natural objects that were captured under different lighting conditions. Results have shown that the proposed method is capable of delivering images with higher quality. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

The effect of cigarette price increase on the cigarette consumption in Taiwan: evidence from the National Health Interview Surveys on cigarette consumption

BACKGROUND: This study uses cigarette price elasticity to evaluate the effect of a new excise tax increase on cigarette consumption and to investigate responses from various types of smokers. METHODS: Our sample consisted of current smokers between 17 and 69 years old interviewed during an annual face-to-face survey conducted by Taiwan National Health Research Institutes between 2000 to 2003. We used Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) procedure to estimate double logarithmic function of cigarette demand and cigarette price elasticity. RESULTS: In 2002, after Taiwan had enacted the new tax scheme, cigarette price elasticity in Taiwan was found to be -0.5274. The new tax scheme brought about an average annual 13.27 packs/person (10.5%) reduction in cigarette consumption. Using the cigarette price elasticity estimate from -0.309 in 2003, we calculated that if the Health and Welfare Tax were increased by another NT$ 3 per pack and cigarette producers shifted this increase to the consumers, cigarette consumption would be reduced by 2.47 packs/person (2.2%). The value of the estimated cigarette price elasticity is smaller than one, meaning that the tax will not only reduce cigarette consumption but it will also generate additional tax revenues. Male smokers who had no income or who smoked light cigarettes were found to be more responsive to changes in cigarette price. CONCLUSIONS: An additional tax added to the cost of cigarettes would bring about a reduction in cigarette consumption and increased tax revenues. It would also help reduce incidents smoking-related illnesses. The additional tax revenues generated by the tax increase could be used to offset the current financial deficiency of Taiwan's National Health Insurance program and provide better public services

Sustainability evaluation and implication of a large scale membrane bioreactor plant

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is receiving increasing attention in wastewater treatment and reuse. This study presents an integral sustainability evaluation of a full scale MBR plant. The plant is capable of achieving prominent technical performance in terms of high compliance rate, low variation in effluent quality and high removal efficiency during long term operation. It is also more responsive to the new local standard with rigorous limits. However, electricity consumption is found to be the dominant process resulting in elevated life cycle environmental impacts and costs, accounting for 51.6% of the costs. As such, it is suggested to optimize energy use in MBR unit and implement sludge treatment and management. The prolonged membrane life span could also contribute largely to reduced life cycle environmental concerns and expenses. This study is of great theoretical significance and applicable value in guaranteeing the performance and sustainability of large scale MBR schemes

Experiment and first principles investigation on the hydrogen-hindered phase transition of ferroelectric ceramics

Author name used in this publication: W. Y. ChuAuthor name used in this publication: Y. J. SuAuthor name used in this publication: L. J. QiaoAuthor name used in this publication: S. Q. Shi2006-2007 > Academic research: refereed > Publication in refereed journalVersion of RecordPublishe

Responsiveness differences in outcome instruments after revision hip arthroplasty: What are the implications?

Responsiveness to change is an important psychometric property of an outcome instrument. Assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is critical to outcome assessment after total joint replacement, a surgery aimed at improving pain, function and HRQoL of the patients undergoing these procedures. In a recent study, Shi et al. examined the responsiveness to change of various subscales of two instruments, physician-administered Harris Hip Score and patient self-administered Short Form-36 (SF-36), 6 months after revision total hip arthroplasty. The responsiveness statistics for both scales were reasonable, higher for Harris Hip Score than SF-36. This is the first study to examine responsiveness of these instruments in revision THA patients in a systematic fashion

The impact of shadow banking on the implementation of Chinese monetary policy

This paper empirically analyses the relationship between the shadow banking system and implementation of monetary policy in China using the VECM methodology. We show that an increase in the size of shadow banking sector increases the independence of bank lending from the policies of the People Bank of China. We also find that Shadow Banking works in an asymmetric fashion in that it amplifies increases in the money supply but weakens the effects of restrictive interest rate-based monetary policy decisions