A small supernumerary marker chromosome present in a Turner syndrome patient not derived from X- or Y-chromosome: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) can be present in numerically abnormal karyotypes like in a 'Turner-syndrome karyotype' mos 45,X/46,X,+mar.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Here we report the first case of an sSMC found in Turner syndrome karyotypes (sSMC^T) derived from chromosome 14 in a Turner syndrome patient. According to cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic characterization the karyotype was 46,X,+del(14)(q11.1). The present case is the third Turner syndrome case with an sSMC^Tnot derived from the X- or the Y-chromosome.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>More comprehensive characterization of such sSMC^Tmight identify them to be more frequent than only ~0.6% in Turner syndrome cases according to available data.</p

Elucidation of the phenotypic spectrum and genetic landscape in primary and secondary microcephaly

Purpose: Microcephaly is a sign of many genetic conditions but has been rarely systematically evaluated. We therefore comprehensively studied the clinical and genetic landscape of an unselected cohort of patients with microcephaly. Methods: We performed clinical assessment, high-resolution chromosomal microarray analysis, exome sequencing, and functional studies in 62 patients (58% with primary microcephaly [PM], 27% with secondary microcephaly [SM], and 15% of unknown onset). Results: We found severity of developmental delay/intellectual disability correlating with severity of microcephaly in PM, but not SM. We detected causative variants in 48.4% of patients and found divergent inheritance and variant pattern for PM (mainly recessive and likely gene-disrupting [LGD]) versus SM (all dominant de novo and evenly LGD or missense). While centrosome-related pathways were solely identified in PM, transcriptional regulation was the most frequently affected pathway in both SM and PM. Unexpectedly, we found causative variants in different mitochondria-related genes accounting for ~5% of patients, which emphasizes their role even in syndromic PM. Additionally, we delineated novel candidate genes involved in centrosome-related pathway (SPAG5, TEDC1), Wnt signaling (VPS26A, ZNRF3), and RNA trafficking (DDX1). Conclusion: Our findings enable improved evaluation and genetic counseling of PM and SM patients and further elucidate microcephaly pathways

Comparative genomic hybridization array study and its utility in detection of constitutional and acquired anomalies

779-791The last decade has witnessed an upsurge in the knowledge of cytogenetic disorders and putting the old technology in a new basket with molecular genetics. As conventional cytogenetic can detect the genetic alteration of 10-15 Mb, many of the micro-deletions and micro-duplications are missed. However, with the advent of technology of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the resolution of genetic aberrations can reach to 3-5 Mb, nonetheless the anomalies smaller than the above, need further precision which has been achieved using comparative genomic hybridization array (CGH-array). Introduction of array-CGH has brought higher sensitivity with automated DNA fragment analyzer and DNA chip for submicroscopic chromosomal anomalies that are missed till date in many of the acquired and constitutional genetic disorders. The resolution of the technology varies from several Kb to 1 Mb depending upon the type of array selected. With the recent improvement in the array-CGH technology, a link between cytogenetic and molecular biology has been established without replacing conventional cytogenetic technique. The wider accessibility of the technology shall certainly provide a clue to the many unidentified/unexplained genetic disorders which shall prove to be a boon to the clinicians

A three way complex translocation (4;9;22) in two patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia

SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe