Relations between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, 1918-1941

Within the Balkan peninsula there are two South Slav states, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. These two states have common, ethnic, linguistic and religious origins but the process of history has been such as to drive them apart. During the last century there have been numerous attempts to bring the Slav peoples together within a single union or federation but these have failed. The period from 1918-1941 was a time when the most serious attempts, were made to bring about a rapprochement but it was also a time of the greatest bitterness and disillusionment. In the period following the peace settlement of 1918, Yugoslav leaders regarded the creation of the Kingdom as a triumph for the century-long Yugo-Slav movement, and sought to consolidate this achievement by maintaining the status quo. Bulgaria, however, did not see the situation in the same light. Her leaders believed that their country had a right to certain lands which were mow part of the Yugoslav Kingdom - particularly Macedonia. Although moderate leaders in both countries realized that their differences could only be solved by co-operation and friendship, some Bulgarians believed that only by terrorism and the destruction of the "Yugoslav mosaic" could Bulgaria recover her rightful role in European affairs. This powerful minority opinion, which shaped Bulgarian policy in the inter-war period, was supported by King Boris and encouraged by those other countries - especially Italy and Germany - who wished to prevent the formation of a strong Slav bloc in South-Eastern Europe. Post-war developments have shown that the problems of 1918-1941 were by no means an isolated episode. But the axis, Belgrade-Sofia, is a genuine axis along which the destiny of the peninsula revolves. For whilst the two countries remain politically and economically divided, there can be no sure foundation for peace and stability in the Balkans

A learning programme in geography

A learning programme, on the topic of glaciation, is written for pupils of above average intelligence for use in the school situation. The learning programme is linear in style with overt response. It consists of 144 frames divided into five sections. Pupils work at their own pace within the lesson period. First year pupils, in a senior (13 + - 18 +) high school assisted in programme development. Four revisions were found to be necessary before the learning programme was considered to be satisfactory (gain ratio of 1.2). revisions were based on the pupils post-test performance and the frame response error rate. The final version of the programme produced a gain ratio of 1.38. overall frame response errors were 6.8% and key response errors 6.92%. The map interpretation section of the programme did not reach an acceptable level of sucess. The pupils concerned may have lacked the necessary basic map reading skills. The gain ratio for the whole programme after a period of one month is 0.87. Programme evaluation followed with a teaching methods experiment. The learning which resulted from the use of three different teaching methods was analysed. The teaching methods employed ere (1) learning programme only; (2) learning programme plus discussion; and (3) normal method. A comparison of the results obtained from the three groups for (i) post-test gains; (ii) retention gains (5 weeks later); (iii) G. C. E. theory and (iv) G. C. E. map interpretation (9 weeks later) all yielded results of no significant difference. The learning programme was as effective as the other teaching methods and required less time. It is suggested that the type of O.S map interpretation used in the learning programme may be too difficult for pupils in the 13+ - l4+ age group

Evaluating the use of CCTV surveillance systems for crime control and prevention : selected case studies from Johannesburg and Tshwane, Gauteng

This research evaluates crime prevention effects/impact of open-street closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance systems as installed in the selected areas (research sites) of the cities of Johannesburg and Tshwane in the Gauteng Province of South Africa on crimes occurring in these surveilled areas. Currently, CCTV surveillance systems are a common sight in many of the urban areas of South Africa.The principal aim of this study was to explore the evaluation of CCTV for crime prevention, reduction and control. The results show that, despite a lack of empirical evidence as to the value of CCTV surveillance systems in preventing or reducing crime, there is strong public support for these systems and that the foundation for much of this support lies in the perceptions/feelings of members of the public of greater safety generated in areas with CCTV coverage. The method of sampling used was a purposive non-probability sampling approach. Participants were selected for interviews based on their knowledge and experience of CCTV systems. The results show that, despite this lack of empirical evidence, CCTV appears to be a viable option for crime prevention and control when integrated with evidence-based strategies rather than as a stand-alone tactic in order to achieve crime control benefits.Criminology and Security ScienceM. Tech. (Security Management

Portrayals of women in prime time reality TV programs

Reality shows are among the most exciting and successful forms of TV program today. The different styles and format of these shows have favorably positioned them in the network markets, generating high ratings and large profits. Because they have been tremendously popular TV fare, how do they portray females and minority women? Do they, as past studies have found, depict women negatively and in largely domestic roles?;This study aims to determine the extent to which women were shown and how they were portrayed in reality TV shows. It examined the content of a census of reality shows aired from June to July 2006 shown on primetime on the four major networks: ABC, CBS, NBC, and FOX. The results indicate that in terms of roles, attitudes, behavior and appearance, women were portrayed positively. They were also often depicted as the winners or victors in these shows. The females in the reality shows examined were mainly career professionals and were less likely to be featured in domestic roles. Although the proportion of minority females in these shows was still low, minority females were portrayed as enjoying the same benefits and opportunities as Caucasian females

Bicontinuous networks of metal and elastomer for shape morphing composites

A composite of two entangled foams—silicone and a low melting temperature eutectic metal alloy will be presented. At room temperature, the material is stiff and thin sections (~1cm) can handle loads in bending excess of 0.5 kg. Above 60oC, the melting temperature of the metal (Tm), the composite is rubbery and can undergo large deformation according to the properties of the elastomer foam. We have demonstrated this change in mechanical properties using standard mechanical testing techniques. Exploiting the dramatic tunability in stiffness, we have demonstrated that this material can: 1) vary in stiffness dramatically 1) take on multiple configurations, 2) be preprogrammed with shape memory, 3) heal with application of heat, and 4) be assembled into larger continuous structures from smaller sub-components