Prosedur penyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah dalam rangka meminimalisir resiko di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang

Permasalah kehidupan perekonomian yang sulit, membuat masyarakat berinisiatif untuk membuka usaha sendiri. Mereka membutuhkan suatu bantuan berupa dana untuk memperlancar usahanya, maka BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang ikut untuk mengembangkan produknya yaitu pembiayaan mudharabah sesuai perkembangan dunia perbankan dalam target peningkatan keuntungan dan menyejahterakan masyarakat. Dengan diberikanya pembiayaan tersebut, terkadang muncul adanya pembiayaan bermasalah dikarenakan ada beberapa faktor diantaranya ketidakmampuan anggota untuk membayar tepat waktu atau jatuh tempo pembayaran diakibatkan karena usaha anggota yang kurang lancar dan lain sebagaianya. Tugas Akhir ini berjudul “ Prosedur Penyelesaian Pembiayaan Bermasalah pada Akad Mudharabah Dalam Rangka Meminimalisir Risiko” Berdasarkan judul tersebut dapat diambil rumusan masalah yaitu apa penyebab terjadinya pembiayaan bermasalah pada BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang dan bagaimana prosedur penyelesaian pembiayaaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia Magelang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan dimana sumber data yang digunakan berasal dari data primer dan sekunder yang diperoleh melalui metode wawancara dengan manajer, bagian pembiayaan dan dokumentasi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan secara sistematis dan akurat mengenai objek penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyebab terjadinya pembiayaan bermasalah yaitu faktor internal meliputi kurang telitinya petugas BMT dalam menganalisi data calon anggota, kurang disiplinya dalam penagihan dan eksternal meliputi karakter anggota yang kurang baik, usahanya bangkrut dan terjadinya bencana alam yang tidak terduga. Adapun prosesdur yang digunakan BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia dalam menyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah pada akad mudharabah dengan cara kekeluargaan atau musyawarah dengan anggota, penjadwalan kembali (rescheduling), persyaratan kembali (reconditioning), pengambilan jaminan (eksekusi), dan write off final. Di BMT Amanah Usaha Mulia dalam penyelesaian pembiayaan bermasalah jarang menngunakan jalur hukum, tetapi sering menggunakan cara kekeluargaan yang dianggap lebih efektif dan eksekusi jaminan apabila anggota tersebut sudah mengalami macet atau bermasalah

Sensitivity analysis of the allele-specific PCR assay.

<p>(<b>A</b>) <b>Sensitivity analysis using the bacterial genomic DNA.</b> The detection limit was determined as 10 pg of bacterial DNA for <i>E. coli</i> serotypes O2 and O18 strains, and 500 pg of bacterial DNA for <i>E. coli</i> serotypes O1 and O78 strains, respectively. (<b>B</b>) <b>Sensitivity analysis using the bacterial culture.</b> The detection limit was determined as 10 CFUs of <i>E. coli</i> serotypes O2 and O18 strains, and 1,000 CFUs of <i>E. coli</i> serotypes O1 and O78 strains, respectively. Lane M: DL2000 Marker.</p

Silver staining of purified LPS.

<p>LPS was purified by hot phenol-water method, fractionated over SDS-PAGE, and stained by silver. Each lane contains 0.5 µg of LPS. Lane 1: Wide-type strain Yb2 LPS. Lane 2: Mutant strain RA2640 LPS. Lane 3: Complementation strain cRA2640 LPS.</p

Construction and characterization of <i>R. anatipestifer</i> mutant strain RA2640 and complementation strain cRA2640.

<p>(A) Slide agglutination test: Mutant strain RA2640 lacked serum agglutination ability to serotype 2 positive sera. (B) Southern blot analysis. Lane M: DM15000 DNA Marker (CWBIO, Beijing, China). Lane 1: A single insertion of Tn4351-transposon was identified in mutant strain RA2640. Lane 2: No hybridization band was detected in wild-type strain Yb2. Lane 3: <i>Xba</i>I fragment (10.4 kb) of pEP4351 was identified with the <i>ermF</i> gene probe. (C) Real-time RT-PCR analysis. The expression of upstream AS87_04040 gene and downstream AS87_04055 gene were measured. The changes of mRNAs were expressed as fold expression and calculated using the comparative C_T (2^-△△CT) method. The expression of AS87_04050 in mutant strain RA2640 couldn't be detected. Error bars represent SD from three replicates. (D) PCR analysis. Lane M: DM2000 DNA Marker (CWBIO, Beijing, China). Lane 1: The Erm and <i>R. anatipestifer</i> 16S rRNA were amplified from the mutant strain RA2640 using primer pairs Erm-F/Erm-R and RA 16S rRNA-F/RA 16S rRNA-R, showing an 833-bp fragment of Erm or a 496-bp fragment of RA 16S rRNA. Lane 2: A 496-bp fragment was amplified from wild-type strain Yb2 with primers RA 16S rRNA-F/RA 16S rRNA-R. Lane 3: The AS87_04050 gene and <i>R. anatipestifer</i> 16S rRNA were amplified from the complementation strain cRA2640 using primer pairs AS87_04050 comp-F/AS87_04050 comp-R and RA 16S rRNA-F/RA 16S rRNA-R, showing a 972-bp fragment of AS87_04050 or a 496-bp fragment of RA 16S rRNA.. Lane 4: The AS87_04050 gene and <i>R. anatipestifer</i> 16S rRNA were amplified from wild-type strain Yb2 using primer pairs AS87_04050 comp-F/AS87_04050 comp-R and RA 16S rRNA-F/RA 16S rRNA-R, showing a 972-bp fragment of AS87_04050 or a 496-bp fragment of RA 16S rRNA.</p

Microarray-Based Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Intracellular <i>Brucella abortus</i> within RAW264.7 Cells

<div><p><i>Brucella spp</i>. is a species of facultative intracellular Gram-negative bacteria that induces abortion and causes sterility in domesticated mammals and chronic undulant fever in humans. Important determinants of <i>Brucella</i>’s virulence and potential for chronic infection include the ability to circumvent the host cell’s internal surveillance system and the capability to proliferate within dedicated and non-dedicated phagocytes. Hence, identifying genes necessary for intracellular survival may hold the key to understanding <i>Brucella</i> infection. In the present study, microarray analysis reveals that 7.82% (244/3334) of all <i>Brucella abortus</i> genes were up-regulated and 5.4% (180/3334) were down-regulated in RAW264.7 cells, compared to free-living cells in TSB. qRT-PCR verification further confirmed a >5-fold up-regulation for fourteen genes. Functional analysis classified <i>araC</i>, <i>ddp</i>, and <i>eryD</i> as to partake in information storage and processing, <i>alp</i>, <i>flgF</i> and <i>virB9</i> to be involved in cellular processes, <i>hpcd</i> and <i>aldh</i> to play a role in metabolism, <i>mfs</i> and <i>nikC</i> to be involved in both cellular processes and metabolism, and four hypothetical genes (<i>bruAb1_1814</i>, <i>bruAb1_0475</i>, <i>bruAb1_1926</i>, and <i>bruAb1_0292</i>) had unknown functions. Furthermore, we constructed a <i>B. abortus</i> 2308 mutant Δ<i>ddp</i> where the <i>ddp</i> gene is deleted in order to evaluate the role of <i>ddp</i> in intracellular survival. Infection assay indicated significantly higher adherence and invasion abilities of the Δ<i>ddp</i> mutant, however it does not survive well in RAW264.7 cells. <i>Brucella</i> may survive in hostile intracellular environment by modulating gene expression.</p></div

Sensitivity analysis of the allele-specific PCR assay.

<p>(<b>A</b>) <b>Sensitivity analysis using the bacterial genomic DNA.</b> The detection limit was determined as 10 pg of bacterial DNA for <i>E. coli</i> serotypes O2 and O18 strains, and 500 pg of bacterial DNA for <i>E. coli</i> serotypes O1 and O78 strains, respectively. (<b>B</b>) <b>Sensitivity analysis using the bacterial culture.</b> The detection limit was determined as 10 CFUs of <i>E. coli</i> serotypes O2 and O18 strains, and 1,000 CFUs of <i>E. coli</i> serotypes O1 and O78 strains, respectively. Lane M: DL2000 Marker.</p

Bacterial loads in blood of <i>R. anatipestifer</i> infected ducks.

<p>Six ducks were injected intramuscularly with bacterial culture at 1×10⁷ CFU. Blood samples were collected at 3, 6, 12 and 24 h.p.i. and serially diluted for bacterial counting. Each point represents the mean ± standard deviation.</p

Sensitivity to disinfectants and normal duck sera.

<p>(A) Susceptibilities to hydrogen peroxide and Triton X–100, expressed as survival rate after incubation of bacteria with disinfectants at 37°C for 30 min as compared to PBS. Bars represent the means ± standard deviation of the results found in three experiments. (B) Susceptibilities to normal duck sera, expressed as survival rate after incubation of bacteria with normal duck sera at 37°C for 30 min at different dilutions as compared to PBS. ***, <i>p</i><0.001. Error bars represent the standard deviation of three independent experiments.</p

Significant pathway of differentially expressed genes.

<p>“P value” indicates the enrichment p-value of the Pathway ID determined by the Fisher's exact test. “Enrichment_Score” indicates the enrichment score value of the Pathway ID, which equals -log₁₀ (p-value). A: Significant pathways of up-regulated genes; B: Significant pathway of down-regulated genes.</p