Brief communication: Chronic undernutrition is associated with higher mucosal antibody levels among ariaal infants of northern kenya

The immune activation that occurs with infection diverts energy from growth and can contribute to poor nutritional outcomes in developing infants and children. This study investigates the association between salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and growth outcomes among Ariaal infants of northern Kenya. The Ariaal are a group of settled northern Kenyan pastoralists who are under considerable nutritional stress. Two hundred and thirty‐nine breastfeeding Ariaal infants were recruited into the study and underwent anthropometric measurement and saliva collection, with mothers providing individual and household characteristics for them via questionnaire. Infant saliva samples were analyzed with an ELISA for IgA in the United States. Infant anthropometric measurements were converted to height‐for‐age z ‐scores (HAZ) using the WHO Child Growth Standards. Based on multivariate models performed in SAS 9.2 two main results emerge: 1) low HAZ, an indicator of chronic undernutrition, was significantly associated with higher IgA concentration (β = −0.12, P = 0.050) and 2) boys had significantly higher IgA levels than girls (β = 0.25, P = 0.039). Although there was not a significant interactive effect between HAZ and sex, the two variables confound each other, with boys having significantly lower HAZ values than girls do. In addition, maternal breastmilk IgA was significantly associated with infant salivary IgA, indicating that maternal effects play a role in infant IgA development. Future research will unravel the three‐way association between sex, stunting, and immune function in the Ariaal community. Am J PhyAnthropol 2012. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/93535/1/22108_ftp.pd

Application of Argonne's Glass Furnace Model to Longhor Glass Corporation Oxy-Fuel Furnace for the Production of Amber Glass.

The objective of this project is to apply the Argonne National Laboratory's Glass Furnace Model (GFM) to the Longhorn oxy-fuel furnace to improve energy efficiency and to investigate the transport of gases released from the batch/melt into the exhaust. The model will make preliminary estimates of the local concentrations of water, carbon dioxide, elemental oxygen, and other subspecies in the entire combustion space as well as the concentration of these species in the furnace exhaust gas. This information, along with the computed temperature distribution in the combustion space may give indications on possible locations of crown corrosion. An investigation into the optimization of the furnace will be performed by varying several key parameters such as the burner firing pattern, exhaust number/size, and the boost usage (amount and distribution). Results from these parametric studies will be analyzed to determine more efficient methods of operating the furnace that reduce crown corrosion. Finally, computed results from the GFM will be qualitatively correlated to measured values, thus augmenting the validation of the GFM

The Changing Nature of NGO Activity in a Globalising World:

Summary As a result of the ruling neo?liberal paradigm and increasing economic, social and political globalisation, the nature of the relationship between transnational corporations (TNCs) and non?governmental organisations (NGOs) has been transformed significantly. TNCs are increasingly perceived as more powerful than governments. In response, NGOs identify TNCs as prime targets to affect change and have diversified their responses and strategies accordingly New alliances have been forged and new types of integrated NGOs have been created. In addition, NGOs have sought direct engagement with corporations through strategies of engagement and confrontation. With this three?tier response (alliance?building, integration and engagement), NGOs have driven the corporate responsibility agenda, which, while part of a longer history, is a particular response of both NGOs and TNCs initiated by the value?changes brought about by globalisation

Pranolium

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72226/1/j.1527-3466.1983.tb00447.x.pd

Oil trading

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Research and development in the oil industry

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The tanker industry in the 1990s

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Fuelling aviation

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:8256.3221(1993/4) / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Managing energy efficiency

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Prospects for plastics

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