Acupuncture as analgesia for low back pain, ankle sprain and migraine in emergency departments: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND: Pain is the most common reason that patients present to an emergency department (ED) and is often inadequately managed. Evidence suggests that acupuncture is effective for pain relief, yet it is rarely practiced in the ED. The current study aims to assess the efficacy of acupuncture for providing effective analgesia to patients presenting with acute low back pain, migraine and ankle sprain at the EDs of four hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. METHOD: The study is a multi-site, randomized, assessor-blinded, controlled trial of acupuncture analgesia in patients who present to an ED with low back pain, migraine or ankle sprain. Patients will be block randomized to receive either acupuncture alone, acupuncture as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy or pharmacotherapy alone. Acupuncture will be applied according to Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA). Pain after one hour, measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS), is the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes measures include the following instruments; the Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire, 24-hour Migraine Quality of Life questionnaire and Patient's Global Assessment of Ankle Injury Scale. These measures will be recorded at baseline, 1 hour after intervention, each hour until discharge and 48±12 hours of ED discharge. Data will also be collected on the safety and acceptability of acupuncture and health resource utilization. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will determine if acupuncture, alone or as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy provides effective, safe and acceptable pain relief for patients presenting to EDs with acute back pain, migraine or ankle sprain. The results will also identify the impact that acupuncture treatment may have upon health resource utilisation in the ED setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ANZCTR): ACTRN12609000989246

Comentarios a los “Apuntes ibéricos”

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Metal and clay : prototype and re-creation. Zoffany's "Tribuna" and lessons from the Malacena fabric of Hellenistic Volterra (Calyx-krater, stamnos, situla and the Achaemenid rhyton)

The Malacena fabric of early hellenistic Volterra is particularly notable through some extraordinarily fine and ambitious creations in clay and black glaze to rival shapes especially developed in metal. As such they attracted attention in modern times already in the 18lh century (Zoffany !). Of these shapes the calyx-krater, the stamnos and the situla are reviewed, with some attention to the nature and origins (Greek in many case rather than Etruscan) of the sources of impulse. The relief decorated situla in Newcastle upon Tyne prompts a review of the early representations of the female centaur. The vessel in her hand, an Achaemenid type protome rhyton leads in turn to a reexamination of the Persian inspired rhyton in the Greek world and its periphery down to early hellenistic times.La fabrication à Malacena de Volterra à l'époque hellénistique précoce est particulièrement remarquable pour certaines réalisations extraordinairement fines et ambitieuses, céramiques à engobe noir qui rivalisent avec les formes fabriquées en métal. Elles ont attiré l'attention dès le XVIIIe siècle (Zoffany !). On réexamine le cratère en calice, le stamnos et la situla, leur nature et origine (grecque plutôt qu'étrusque dans beaucoup de cas). La situla à reliefs de Newcastle-upon-Tyne fait penser à une version revue et corrigée des premières représentations de la femme-centaure. Le récipient qu'elle tient dans sa main, un rhyton- protome de type achéménide entraîne un réexamen du rhyton inspiré des Perses dans le Monde grec et par extension jusqu'au début de l'époque hellénistique.Shefton Brian B. Metal and clay : prototype and re-creation. Zoffany's "Tribuna" and lessons from the Malacena fabric of Hellenistic Volterra (Calyx-krater, stamnos, situla and the Achaemenid rhyton). In: Revue des Études Anciennes. Tome 100, 1998, n°3-4. Centenaire de la revue. pp. 619-662

Odysseus and Bellerophon reliefs

Shefton Brian B. Odysseus and Bellerophon reliefs. In: Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Volume 82, 1958. pp. 27-46

Castulo Cups in the Aegean, the Black Sea Area and the Near East with the Respective Hinterland

Shefton Brian B. Castulo Cups in the Aegean, the Black Sea Area and the Near East with the Respective Hinterland. In: Sur les traces des Argonautes. Actes du 6e symposium de Vani (Colchide), 22-29 septembre 1990. Besançon : Université de Franche-Comté, 1996. pp. 163-186. (Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 613