Selecting band combinations with thematic mapper data

A problem arises in making color composite images because there are 210 different possible color presentations of TM three-band images. A method is given for reducing that 210 to a single choice, decided by the statistics of a scene or subscene, and taking into full account any correlations that exist between different bands. Instead of using total variance as the measure for information content of the band triplets, the ellipsoid of maximum volume is selected which discourages selection of bands with high correlation. The band triplet is obtained by computing and ranking in order the determinants of each 3 x 3 principal submatrix of the original matrix M. After selection of the best triplet, the assignment of colors is made by using the actual variances (the diagonal elements of M): green (maximum variance), red (second largest variance), blue (smallest variance)

Joy and calm: how an evolutionary functional model of affect regulation informs positive emotions in nature

Key theories of the human need for nature take an evolutionary perspective, and many of the mental well-being benefits of nature relate to positive affect. As affect has a physiological basis, it is important to consider these benefits alongside regulatory processes. However, research into nature and positive affect tends not to consider affect regulation and the neurophysiology of emotion. This brief systematic review and meta-analysis presents evidence to support the use of an existing evolutionary functional model of affect regulation (the three circle model of emotion) that provides a tripartite framework in which to consider the mental well-being benefits of nature and to guide nature-based well-being interventions. The model outlines drive, contentment and threat dimensions of affect regulation based on a review of the emotion regulation literature. The model has been used previously for understanding mental well-being, delivering successful mental health-care interventions and providing directions for future research. Finally, the three circle model is easily understood in the context of our everyday lives, providing an accessible physiological-based narrative to help explain the benefits of nature

Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake in an Urban Stream Ecosystem

Urban stream ecosystems are faced with high input levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from anthropogenic activities. N and P are important to plant growth and stream health; however, high levels can lead to algal blooms and eutrophication, a harmful effect to both aquatic life and water quality. Common urban sources of N and P include fertilizer, atmospheric deposition, stormwater outfall, and leaf-litter decomposition. Common urban stream features such as a flashier hydrograph, altered channel stability and morphology, increase in nutrient output (such as N and P), and heat retention, have been shown to result in an overall decrease in stream biodiversity. High input levels of N are seen within the Mississippi River Basin in the form of nitrate. In urban systems, estimates of loading of N and P into the Mississippi River Basin range from 7-9% for total N and 12-16% for P. This study focused on urban stream nutrient uptake along concrete-lined channels. Tributaries of Sugar Creek in Bloomington-Normal, IL, served as the study area. I hypothesized that concrete-lined channels limit nutrient uptake and maintain higher concentrations of N and P uptake. Measuring nutrient uptake involved short-term N and P additions. Samples tested for nitrate were analyzed on a Dionex ion chromatograph, while samples tested for dissolved reactive phosphate were analyzed following the molybdate method using spectrophotometry. Both N and P uptake velocities measured higher along urban concrete streams as compared to studies conducted in other environments such as deserts and forested areas. In addition, monthly uptake velocities were compared across the study sites, resulting in greater P uptake velocities over N uptake velocities. Many urban streams were modified to manage for hydrology, potentially altering nutrient processing. Thus, quantifying nutrient uptake along a modified streambed will identify how N and P are retained within a stream ecosystem and have implications for stream system restoration

Investigating the Effects of Tethered, Axial Lewis Base Coordination on Rhodium(II) Paddlewheel Complexes

Dirhodium(II) paddlewheel complexes are highly renowned for their use in diazo decomposition to form a metallic-carbenoid species. This species has been used for a diverse range of chemical transformations including cyclopropanation, cycloproprenation, C-H functionalization, and X-H (Si, S, O, N) insertion reactions. Modulation of these catalysts traditionally involve the exchange of bridging ligands which have profound effects on the catalyst’s reactivity, chemo, and enantioselectivity. Recent interest has turned towards to modifying the axial sites present in the complex as an additional means of modulating catalytic activity. These sites normally serve as the active site of the catalyst, but coordination of Lewis Bases one of the sites are known to be beneficial to chemo and enantioselectivity. However, a main problem encountered in this field is the lack of control of coordination to axial site. This work aims to examine the development of novel ligands containing a pendant chain containing a Lewis base, and their incorporation into the rhodium(II) paddlewheel scaffold. Incorporation of these tether containing ligands allows for more direct control of the location of the Lewis base and effectively increasing the local concentration of the Lewis base near the active site. Ligands derived from amino acids that contained either a phosphite or a thioether moiety were synthesized and attempts to exchange onto the rhodium complex were investigated. Exchange of the phosphite containing ligands was unsuccessful due to problems with oxidation. The thioether ligands proved to be more robust in comparison with successful exchange on to the catalyst scaffold with a variety of thioether derivatives. Evaluation of these complexes in Si-H insertion and cyclopropanation reactions revealed that the presence of the tethered thioether does indeed provide a positive benefit, with increase yields as compared to a control with no tethered thioether additive

A CLT for Plancherel representations of the infinite-dimensional unitary group

We study asymptotics of traces of (noncommutative) monomials formed by images of certain elements of the universal enveloping algebra of the infinite-dimensional unitary group in its Plancherel representations. We prove that they converge to (commutative) moments of a Gaussian process that can be viewed as a collection of simply yet nontrivially correlated two-dimensional Gaussian Free Fields. The limiting process has previously arisen via the global scaling limit of spectra for submatrices of Wigner Hermitian random matrices. This note is an announcement, proofs will appear elsewhere.Comment: 12 page

Contribution of LANDSAT-4 thematic mapper data to geologic exploration

The increased number of carefully selected narrow spectral bands and the increased spatial resolution of thematic mapper data over previously available satellite data contribute greatly to geologic exploration, both by providing spectral information that permits lithologic differentiation and recognition of alteration and spatial information that reveals structure. As vegetation and soil cover increase, the value of spectral components of TM data decreases relative to the value of the spatial component of the data. However, even in vegetated areas, the greater spectral breadth and discrimination of TM data permits improved recognition and mapping of spatial elements of the terrain. As our understanding of the spectral manifestations of the responses of soils and vegetation to unusual chemical environments increases, the value of spectral components of TM data to exploration will greatly improve in covered areas

Geologic exploration: The contribution of LANDSAT-4 thematic mapper data

The major advantages of the TM data over that of MSS systems are increased spatial resolution and a greater number of narrow, strategically placed spectral bands. The 30 meter pixel size permits finer definition of ground features and improves reliability of the photointerpretation of geologic structure. The value of the spatial data increases relative to the value of the spectral data as soil and vegetation cover increase. In arid areas with good exposure, it is possible with careful digital processing and some inventive color compositing to produce enough spectral differentiation of rock types and thereby produce facsimiles of standard geologic maps with a minimum of field work or reference to existing maps. Hue-saturation value images are compared with geological maps of Death Valley, California, the Big Horn/Wind River Basin of Wyoming, the area around Cement, Oklahoma, and Detroit. False color composites of the Ontario region are also examined

Evolution of Sport and Leisure Management: Commonalities and Crosslinkages

Commercial/private recreation and sport management professional preparation programs are growing rapidly in response to increasing consumer demands for sport, fitness and leisure programming. Sport and leisure management academicians share a common heritage, similar challenges, and an awareness of sports and movement as the leisure choice of millions. Crosslinkages between sport and leisure management programs transcend departmental housing at colleges and universities and common challenges are shared in the areas of image, curriculum content, and scholarly productivity. In this paper, several of these challenges are analyzed and management strategies for strengthening professional preparation in sport and leisure management are reviewed

Duality and KPZ in Liouville Quantum Gravity

We present a (mathematically rigorous) probabilistic and geometrical proof of the KPZ relation between scaling exponents in a Euclidean planar domain D and in Liouville quantum gravity. It uses the properly regularized quantum area measure d\mu_\gamma=\epsilon^{\gamma^2/2} e^{\gamma h_\epsilon(z)}dz, where dz is Lebesgue measure on D, \gamma is a real parameter, 0\leq \gamma <2, and h_\epsilon(z) denotes the mean value on the circle of radius \epsilon centered at z of an instance h of the Gaussian free field on D. The proof extends to the boundary geometry. The singular case \gamma >2 is shown to be related to the quantum measure d\mu_{\gamma'}, \gamma' < 2, by the fundamental duality \gamma\gamma'=4.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur