95 research outputs found
Indian Patent Law: Walking the Line
This comment proposes that cultural preferences have had a strong influence over the development of Indian patent law, and that these preferences influenced the court decision against Novartis. Part I will introduce TRIPS and international patent law, discuss the development of Indian patent law in the context of its colonial past and WTO membership, and explain the decisions by the Indian Patent Office and the Court of Madras in the context of Glivec\u27s development. Part II will explore WTO attitudes and approaches to TRIPS and argue that if Switzerland were to bring India to the WTO\u27s Dispute Settlement Board (DSB), it would be unsuccessful due to the liberal nature of TRIPS and the DSB\u27s history of giving discretion to individual countries to interpret their TRIPS obligations. Part III will conclude by arguing that despite the Glivec decision, pharmaceutical investment in India will not be stifled, but continue to grow due to the relatively low cost of investment and highly skilled work force
Marriage and College- Yes
Marriage on the campus is painting a new and exciting picture of college life. The carefree attitude of the racoon clad jolly boys has taken a back seat. Today\u27s college men and women have their eyes upon the future and are building it together
Secure Network-Centric Aviation Communication (SNAC)
The existing National Airspace System (NAS) communications capabilities are largely unsecured, are not designed for efficient use of spectrum and collectively are not capable of servicing the future needs of the NAS with the inclusion of new operators in Unmanned Aviation Systems (UAS) or On Demand Mobility (ODM). SNAC will provide a ubiquitous secure, network-based communications architecture that will provide new service capabilities and allow for the migration of current communications to SNAC over time. The necessary change in communication technologies to digital domains will allow for the adoption of security mechanisms, sharing of link technologies, large increase in spectrum utilization, new forms of resilience and redundancy and the possibly of spectrum reuse. SNAC consists of a long term open architectural approach with increasingly capable designs used to steer research and development and enable operating capabilities that run in parallel with current NAS systems
High-Data-Rate Quadrax Cable Microwave Characterization at the NASA Glenn Structural Dynamics Laboratory
An experiment was performed to determine the degradation in the bit-error-rate (BER) in the high-data-rate cables chosen for the Orion Service Module due to extreme launch conditions of vibrations with a magnitude of 60g. The cable type chosen for the Orion Service Module was no. 8 quadrax cable. The increase in electrical noise induced on these no. 8 quadrax cables was measured at the NASA Glenn vibration facility in the Structural Dynamics Laboratory. The intensity of the vibrations was set at 32g, which was the maximum available level at the facility. The cable lengths used during measurements were 1, 4, and 8 m. The noise measurements were done in an analog fashion using a performance network analyzer (PNA) by recording the standard deviation of the transmission scattering parameter S(sub 21) over the frequency range of 100 to 900 MHz. The standard deviation of S(sub 210 was measured before, during, and after the vibration of the cables at the vibration facility. We observed an increase in noise by a factor of 2 to 6. From these measurements we estimated the increase expected in the BER for a cable length of 25 m and concluded that these findings are large enough that the noise increase due to vibration must be taken in to account for the design of the communication system for a BER of 10(exp -8)
The A-Site In The Pkg Iα Regulatory Domain Controls Both Cgmp- And Oxidative-Dependent Activation
The type Iα cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG Iα) is an essential regulator of vascular tone and systemic blood pressure. Located in the smooth muscle of resistance vessels, PKG Iα stimulates vasodilation through the phosphorylation of multiple intracellular substrates. Its primary regulator is the small molecule, 3\u27,5\u27-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP); however, the Iα isoform can also be activated by oxidation. Despite the established physiological importance of PKG Iα, the structural underpinnings of these two activation mechanisms are largely unknown.
The work presented in this dissertation demonstrates the importance of the cGMP-binding domain A (CBD-A) in regulating both of these mechanisms of PKG Iα activation. Using a monomeric, N-terminally truncated form of PKG Iα (Δ53), Chapter 2 investigates the mechanism of inhibition through the autoinhibitory domain and the influence of dimerization on cooperative cGMP-dependent activation and cyclic nucleotide selectivity. We observed that autoinhibition occurs in cis, whereas cooperativity requires interprotomer contacts facilitated by the N-terminal dimerization domain. Furthermore, the loss of selectivity for cGMP over cAMP of this construct suggests the dimerization domain plays a critical role in preventing cross-reactivity with cAMP-dependent signaling. These observations culminate into an overarching model wherein binding of cGMP to CBD-A is necessary and sufficient for activation and cooperativity is driven by the dimerization domain.
Chapter 3 investigates the cysteine residues that mediate oxidation-dependent activation of PKG Iα. Using PKG Iα constructs with point mutations at specific cysteine residues, it was found that oxidation-dependent activation is driven by C117 in CBD-A. Furthermore, the interprotomer disulfide bond that forms in the dimerization domain at C42 does not contribute to this mechanism. Finally, we propose a model wherein the disulfide bond that forms between C117 and the adjacent cysteine at position 195 acts as a protective mechanism to prevent activation and higher oxidation states form contacts with nearby residues in the linker region of PKG Iα to disrupt binding of the adjacent autoinhibitory domain to the catalytic domain.
Finally, Chapter 4 provides a discussion of the results presented herein in context with previous studies and suggests future directions for the PKG field
Safety of efavirenz in first-trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes from observational cohorts.
INTRODUCTIO
The consequence of fetal ethanol exposure and adolescent odor re-exposure on the response to ethanol odor in adolescent and adult rats
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>An epidemiologic predictive relationship exists between fetal ethanol exposure and the likelihood for adolescent use. Further, an inverse relationship exists between the age of first experience and the probability of adult abuse. Whether and how the combined effects of prenatal and adolescent ethanol experiences contribute to this progressive pattern remains unknown. Fetal ethanol exposure directly changes the odor attributes of ethanol important for both ethanol odor preference behavior and ethanol flavor perception. These effects persist only to adolescence. Here we tested whether adolescent ethanol odor re-exposure: (Experiment 1) augments the fetal effect on the adolescent behavioral response to ethanol odor; and/or (Experiment 2) perpetuates previously observed adolescent behavioral and neurophysiological responses into adulthood.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Pregnant rats received either an ethanol or control liquid diet. Progeny (observers) experienced ethanol odor in adolescence via social interaction with a peer (demonstrators) that received an intragastric infusion of either 1.5 g/kg ethanol or water. Social interactions were scored for the frequency that observers followed their demonstrator. Whole-body plethysmography evaluated the unconditioned behavioral response of observers to ethanol odor in adolescence (P37) or adulthood (P90). The olfactory epithelium of adults was also examined for its neural response to five odorants, including ethanol.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Experiment 1: Relative to fetal or adolescent exposure alone, adolescent re-exposure enhanced the behavioral response to ethanol odor in P37 animals. Compared to animals with no ethanol experience, rats receiving a single experience (fetal or adolescent) show an enhanced, yet equivalent, ethanol odor response. Fetal ethanol experience also increased olfactory-guided following of an intoxicated peer. Experiment 2: Combined exposure yielded persistence of the behavioral effects only in adult females. We found no evidence for persistence of neurophysiological effects in either sex.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Fetal ethanol exposure influences adolescent re-exposure, in part, by promoting interactions with intoxicated peers. Re-exposure subsequently enhances ethanol odor responsivity during a key developmental transition point for emergent abuse patterns. While persistence of behavioral effects occurred in females, the level of re-exposure necessary to uniformly yield persistence in both sexes remains unknown. Nonetheless, these results highlight an important relationship between fetal and adolescent experiences that appears essential to the progressive pattern of developing ethanol abuse.</p
The Iowa Homemaker vol.32, no.2
To a Bride, Salli Hearst, page 9
Happily Ever After, Donald C. Charles, page 10
The Bride Wore, Marilyn Bergeson and Patricia Keast, page 11
Here Comes the Bride, Marilyn Wright, page 12
Marriage and College - Yes, Gloria Sheehe, page 13
It’s All In the Family, Floramae Gates, page 14
With This Ring, Jean McGhie, page 15
Veiled In Loveliness, Evelyn Toulouse, page 16
Pots ‘n Pans, Maryann Meldrum, page 17
Proper Thing To Do, Marian Skinner, page 18
For Remembering, Marian Anderson, page 19
Weddings Without Worries, Nancy Voss, page 20
Showers, Joanne Ryals, page 21
Your Highest Hopes, Gayle Dunn, page 22
Bouquet for You, Maryann Meldrum, page 23
Your Trip to the Moon, Alane Baird, page 24
What’s New, Evelyn Toulouse and Dorothy Will, page 28
Information Please, Susan Brown and Mary Doherty, page 32
She Doesn’t Like Surprises and Neither Does He, Ruth Anderson, page 34
Breaking In the Groom, Alice Irvine, page 37
Trends, Joanne Ryals, page 3
Advanced Lithium Ion Venus Explorer (ALIVE)
The COncurrent Multidisciplinary Preliminary Assessment of Space Systems (COMPASS) Team partnered with the Applied Research Laboratory to perform a NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program study to evaluate chemical based power systems for keeping a Venus lander alive (power and cooling) and functional for a period of days. The mission class targeted was either a Discovery (750M to 760M which puts it into the New Frontiers class.The ALIVE landed duration is only limited by the amount of Li which can be carried by the lander. Further studies are needed to investigate how additional mass can be carried, perhaps by a larger launcher and larger aeroshell
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