LOCAL AND GLOBAL DRYOUT IN TWO-PHASE MICROGAP COOLING

Limitations in advancements in electronic technology and further development of new technology are due to inadequate thermal management. As Moore's Law continues to drive semiconductor technology, the capabilities of conventional thermal management methods are falling behind the constantly changing and increasing needs of the electronic industry. Roadmap projections for the high-performance chip category suggest that the maximum chip power dissipation will exceed 500 W, and the chip heat flux will exceed 150 W/cm2 within the next few years. Research currently focuses on two-phase cooling techniques due to their potential to meet the thermal management needs of leading-edge electronic technology. Potential solutions currently being studied include spray cooling, immersion cooling, micro heat pipes, and microgap cooler. Unlike many current thermal management devices, microgap cooler eliminate the high and problematic thermal contact resistance, by allowing direct cooling of an electronic component by the flow of dielectric liquid across the back surface of the chip or substrate. The heat dissipation capability of such microgap coolers is further enhanced by two-phase flow that develops in the microgap channel, producing higher heat transfer coefficients than achievable by single-phase forced convection with that same fluid. In addition, due to the potential utilization of the intrinsic gaps between chips and within the packaging enclosures in both 2.5D (using interposers) and 3D configurations, microgap coolers provide a promising solution to the challenging problem of high-density heat removal. Despite the many advantages of two-phase microgap coolers, much is still not understood about the physics that governs this thermal management technique and the phenomena that limit its performance

Exploration of Stream Habitat Spatial Modeling; Using Geographically Weighted Regression, Ordinary Least Squares Regression, and Natural Neighbor Interpolation to Model Depth, Flow, and Benthic Substrate in Streams

Assessment and modeling of stream habitat are integral to understanding streams and the biota within them. In the past several decades, assessment sophistication of ecologic systems increased due to analysis power afforded by gains in computing capability. Spatial data analysis methodology grew alongside computing power and incorporated spatial qualities of ecological data, thereby providing new insights. New methods like geographically weighted regression (GWR) and more established methods like interpolation are now being used in ecological studies to guide assessments and management decisions. However, their accuracy and utility for analysis of stream habitat data have not been fully explored. To clarify their impacts on stream habitat data, the five chapters of this dissertation examined spatial qualities (e.g. heterogeneity, scale, sample pattern) and the use of interpolation and GWR on depth, flow velocity, and benthic substrate.;Benthic substrate, depth, and flow velocity data were collected from four streams between July 2005 and August 2010. Data were collected from Aarons Creek, Monongalia County, WV, Elk River, Kanawha County, WV, Little Wapiti and Grayling creeks in Gallatin County, MT. Using GIS, the datasets were mapped, modeled, and analyzed between fall 2009 and summer 2011.;Results from our studies demonstrated GWR outperformed non-spatial ordinary least squares regression (OLS) when modeling benthic substrate. Our study showed stream data collected at a single scale may be used to generate meaningful results at scales other than that at which it was collected. This finding is important for stream habitat studies where data are often collected at varying spatial scales. As spatial heterogeneity of benthic substrate increased, accuracy levels of models decreased showing heterogeneity must be quantified in analysis of stream habitat variables. Large (\u3e20m width) and small (\u3c10m width) wadeable streams may be analyzed using the same type of spatial analysis though substrate deposition pattern may vary in different size streams. Benthic substrate depositional pattern was most effectively captured by non-random point selection which created more accurate maps than grid and random point sample methods.;Combined results demonstrated the need to address spatial qualities of stream habitat data in analysis, assessment, and how spatial attributes may guide data collection. Further, failure to quantify spatial attributes in stream habitat data can cause erroneous results and thus minimize effectiveness for useful ecologic conclusions and management decisions

The Broken Home or Broken Society: A Sociological Study of Family Structure and Juvenile Delinquency

Despite the great interest in the relationship between family structure and delinquent behavior generally, very little agreement among researchers as well as the general public has been reached on the issue to this day. The present study examines whether family structure plays a role in juvenile delinquency. More precisely, it explores whether single parents are more likely to have their adolescent children involved in delinquency than are two parents. This analysis does not support the structural hypotheses, which argues that single parents have children who are at an increased risk of being involved in delinquent behavior. While these findings provide further evidence that children living with single parents are not at an increased risk of being involved in delinquent behavior, additional research is needed to further evaluate the causes and risks associated with involvement in delinquent behavior

Reduction or discontinuation of antipsychotics for challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disability: a systematic review

The use of antipsychotics to manage challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disability is widespread but controversial, and evidence is scarce. There is a perception that antipsychotics used in this context can be reduced or discontinued, and this has been a major focus of recent national policy. However, such an intervention risks harm as well as having potential benefits. We reviewed the available evidence and found that antipsychotics can be reduced or discontinued in a substantial proportion of adults who use them for challenging behaviour, although not always without adverse effects. There is a group which displays behavioural deterioration on antipsychotic reduction that prevents discontinuation; predictors of poor response could not be reliably identified. In view of the relatively scarce data and methodological limitations of the available studies, we cannot draw firm conclusions to inform a population level approach to this issue. Antipsychotic medication used for behaviour should be reviewed regularly and an individualised approach taken to treatment

Kilometric radiation power flux dependence on area of discrete aurora

Kilometer wavelength radiation, measured from distant positions over the North Pole and over the Earth's equator, was compared to the area of discrete aurora imaged by several low-altitude spacecraft. Through correlative studies of auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) with about two thousand auroral images, a stereoscopic view of the average auroral acceleration region was obtained. A major result is that the total AKR power increases as the area of the discrete auroral oval increases. The implications are that the regions of parallel potentials or the auroral plasma cavities, in which AKR is generated, must possess the following attributes: (1) they are shallow in altitude and their radial position depends on wavelength, (2) they thread flux tubes of small cross section, (3) the generation mechanism in them reaches a saturation limit rapidly, and (4) their distribution over the discrete auroral oval is nearly uniform. The above statistical results are true for large samples collected over a long period of time (about six months). In the short term, AKR frequently exhibits temporal variations with scales as short as three minutes (the resolution of the averaged data used). These fluctuations are explainable by rapid quenchings as well as fast starts of the electron cyclotron maser mechanism. There were times when AKR was present at substantial power levels while optical emissions were below instrument thresholds. A recent theoretical result may account for this set of observations by predicting that suprathermal electrons, of energies as low as several hundred eV, can generate second harmonic AKR. The indirect observations of second harmonic AKR require that these electrons have mirror points high above the atmosphere so as to minimize auroral light emissions. The results provide evidence supporting the electron cyclotron maser mechanism

Working with Science Teachers to Transform the Opportunity Landscape for Regional and Rural Youth: A Qualitative Evaluation of the Science in Schools Program

This article reports on a qualitative evaluation of the Science in Schools program; a suite of science based activities delivered by staff of a regional university campus and designed to provide professional development for science teachers working in non-metropolitan schools in a socioeconomically disadvantaged region of Australia. The research identified a range of issues including: the influence of socioeconomic disadvantage and rurality on teachers’ professional learning needs, and the importance of subject specific discourse communities and content knowledge for new and out-of-field teachers. Implications for the design and implementation of school-university partnerships are discussed

An audit of the quality of inpatient care for adults with learning disability in the UK

OBJECTIVES: To audit patient hospital records to evaluate the performance of acute general and mental health services in delivering inpatient care to people with learning disability and explore the influence of organisational factors on the quality of care they deliver. SETTING: Nine acute general hospital Trusts and six mental health services. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with learning disability who received inpatient hospital care between May 2013 and April 2014. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Data on seven key indicators of high-quality care were collected from 176 patients. These covered physical health/monitoring, communication and meeting needs, capacity and decision-making, discharge planning and carer involvement. The impact of services having an electronic system for flagging patients with learning disability and employing a learning disability liaison nurse was assessed. RESULTS: Indicators of physical healthcare (body mass index, swallowing assessment, epilepsy risk assessment) were poorly recorded in acute general and mental health inpatient settings. Overall, only 34 (19.3%) patients received any assessment of swallowing and 12 of the 57 with epilepsy (21.1%) had an epilepsy risk assessment. For most quality indicators, there was a non-statistically significant trend for improved performance in services with a learning disability liaison nurse. The presence of an electronic flagging system showed less evidence of benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Inpatient care for people with learning disability needs to be improved. The work gives tentative support to the role of a learning disability liaison nurse in acute general and mental health services, but further work is needed to confirm these benefits and to trial other interventions that might improve the quality and safety of care for this high-need group

Laboratory Simulations of Suprauroral Mechanisms Leading to Perpendicular Ion Heating and Conic Formation

Laboratory experiments are presented simulating aspects of perpendicular ion heating and conic formation that are observed or hypothesized to occur in the terrestrial ionosphere and magnetosphere. Previous laboratory observations of ion conics in the presence of the current‐driven electrostatic ion cyclotron wave are reviewed. Field‐aligned ion beams, accompanied by beam‐generated electrostatic ion cyclotron modes, resulted in perpendicular energization of beam ions and also the heating of background plasma ions. Antenna‐launched broadband and narrow‐band lower hybrid waves produced considerable perpendicular ion heating and non‐Maxwellian “tail” formation. Laboratory results are discussed in light of in situ measurements by the S3‐3 satellite and the MARIE sounding rocket